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Financial Inclusion: New Measurement and Cross-Country Impact Assessment

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  • Park, Cyn-Young

    (Asian Development Bank)

  • Mercado, Jr., Rogelio

    (South East Asian Central Banks Research and Training Centre)

Abstract

This paper introduces a new index of financial inclusion for 151 economies using principal component analysis to compute weights for aggregating nine indicators of access, availability, and usage. It then assesses the impact of financial inclusion on poverty and income inequality. The results provide evidence that high- and middle-high-income economies with high financial inclusion have significantly lower poverty, while no such relation exists for middle-low and low-income economies. The nonlinearities in the cross-country determinants and impacts of financial inclusion on poverty and income inequality across income groups are important to choosing the appropriate policies for achieving inclusive growth in different development stages.

Suggested Citation

  • Park, Cyn-Young & Mercado, Jr., Rogelio, 2018. "Financial Inclusion: New Measurement and Cross-Country Impact Assessment," ADB Economics Working Paper Series 539, Asian Development Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:ris:adbewp:0539
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Gutiérrez-Romero, Roxana & Ahamed, Mostak, 2021. "COVID-19 response needs to broaden financial inclusion to curb the rise in poverty," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    2. Brei, Michael & Ferri, Giovanni & Gambacorta, Leonardo, 2023. "Financial structure and income inequality," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    3. Sabyasachi Tripathi & Meenakshi Rajeev, 2023. "Gender-Inclusive Development through Fintech: Studying Gender-Based Digital Financial Inclusion in a Cross-Country Setting," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-34, June.
    4. Kebede, Jeleta & Naranpanawa, Athula & Selvanathan, Saroja, 2023. "Financial inclusion and income inequality nexus: A case of Africa," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 539-557.
    5. Md Abdullah Omar & Kazuo Inaba, 2020. "Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 9(1), pages 1-25, December.
    6. Changjun Zheng & Md Ataur Rahman & Shahadat Hossain & Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2023. "Does Fintech-Driven Inclusive Finance Induce Bank Profitability? Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-28, October.
    7. Fan Liu & Barnabé Walheer, 2022. "Financial inclusion, financial technology, and economic development: a composite index approach," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 63(3), pages 1457-1487, September.
    8. Nkambule, Maxwell Banele, 2022. "The financial inclusion status of rural households in Eswatini," Research Theses 334766, Collaborative Masters Program in Agricultural and Applied Economics.
    9. El-Bourainy Mehry & Salah Ashraf & ElSherif Marwa, 2021. "The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Unemployment Rate in Developing Countries," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 11(1), pages 79-93.
    10. Cavoli, Tony & Gopalan, Sasidaran, 2023. "Does financial inclusion promote consumption smoothing? Evidence from emerging and developing economies," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 1529-1546.
    11. Kebede, Jeleta & Naranpanawa, Athula & Selvanathan, Saroja, 2021. "Financial inclusion: Measures and applications to Africa," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 365-379.
    12. Mostak Ahamed & Roxana Guti'errez-Romero, 2020. "COVID-19 response needs to broaden financial inclusion to curb the rise in poverty," Papers 2006.10706, arXiv.org.
    13. Christian-Lambert Lambert Nguena & Prince Piva Asaloko, 2023. "Financial inclusion, growth and poverty: Evidence from Africa in COVID-19 era [Inclusion financière, croissance et pauvreté à l'ère de la Covid-19 en Afrique]," Post-Print hal-04150097, HAL.
    14. Okowa, Ezaal, Vincent & Moses Owede, 2022. "‘Financial Inclusion-Income Inequality’ Nexus in Nigeria: Evidence from Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) Modeling Approach," International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), vol. 9(2), pages 84-94, February.
    15. David Mhlanga & Steven Henry Dunga & Tankiso Moloi, 2020. "Financial Inclusion and Poverty Alleviation among Smallholder Farmers in Zimbabwe," Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, Eurasian Publications, vol. 8(3), pages 168-182.
    16. Munacinga Simatele & Loyiso Maciko, 2022. "Financial Inclusion in Rural South Africa: A Qualitative Approach," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-22, August.
    17. Cyn-Young Park & Rogelio Mercado Jr., 2018. "Financial Inclusion: New Measurement and Cross-Country Impact Assessment," Working Papers wp29, South East Asian Central Banks (SEACEN) Research and Training Centre.
    18. Christian Lambert NGUENA & Prince PIVA ASALOKO, 2023. "Financial inclusion, growth and poverty: Evidence from Africa in COVID-19 era," Region et Developpement, Region et Developpement, LEAD, Universite du Sud - Toulon Var, vol. 57, pages 81-100.
    19. Biliqees Ayoola Abdulmumin & Oyebola Fatima Etudaiye-Muhtar & Abdulrasaq Taiye Jimoh & Ola Ridwan Sakariyahu, 2019. "An Investigation into the Level of Financial Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa," Scientific Annals of Economics and Business (continues Analele Stiintifice), Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, vol. 66(1), pages 41-63, March.
    20. Shreya Pal & Indranil Bandyopadhyay, 2022. "Impact of financial inclusion on economic growth, financial development, financial efficiency, financial stability, and profitability: an international evidence," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 2(9), pages 1-29, September.
    21. Kebede, Jeleta & Selvanathan, Saroja & Naranpanawa, Athula, 2021. "Foreign bank presence, institutional quality, and financial inclusion: Evidence from Africa," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    22. Shani Bashiru & Alhassan Bunyaminu & Ibrahim Nandom Yakubu & Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh Al-Faryan, 2023. "Drivers of Financial Inclusion: Insights from Sub-Saharan Africa," Economies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-11, May.
    23. Shruti Malik & Girish Chandra Maheshwari & Archana Singh, 2019. "Understanding Financial Inclusion in India: A Theoretical Framework Building Through SAP–LAP and Efficient IRP," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 20(2), pages 117-140, June.
    24. Minhaj Ali & Shujahat H. Hashmi & Muhammad R. Nazir & Ahmer Bilal & Muhammad I. Nazir, 2021. "Does financial inclusion enhance economic growth? Empirical evidence from the IsDB member countries," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(4), pages 5235-5258, October.
    25. Tram, Thi Xuan Huong & Lai, Tien Dinh & Nguyen, Thi Truc Huong, 2023. "Constructing a composite financial inclusion index for developing economies," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 257-265.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    financial inclusion; income inequality; poverty;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G18 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • O11 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • O16 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance

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