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Exode des cerveaux : Pourquoi certains diplômés d'études postsecondaires choisissent-ils de travailler aux États-Unis?

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  • Brahim Boudarbat
  • Marie Connolly

Abstract

Dans cette étude, nous nous penchons sur le phénomène de l'exode des cerveaux au Canada, plus précisément sur la perte de certains diplômés postsecondaires au profit des États-Unis. Notre analyse comporte trois volets : d'abord, une analyse descriptive sur les différences entre diplômés étant restés au Canada et ceux étant partis aux États-Unis, ensuite une analyse multivariée visant à identifier les facteurs déterminants de la décision de quitter le Canada pour les États-Unis et celle de revenir au Canada par la suite, et enfin, une analyse ayant pour but d'expliquer les écarts de salaire entre les diplômés qui sont restés au pays et ceux qui ont quitté pour nos voisins du Sud. À l'aide des données des trois dernières cohortes de l'Enquête nationale auprès des diplômés, nous observons que le l'exode vers les États-Unis reste relativement marginal, touchant tout au plus 2 % des nouveaux diplômés. Nous notons aussi une légère baisse de cet exode chez la promotion de 2005 par rapport à celle de 2000 au cours des deux premières années après l'obtention du diplôme. De plus, on relève un grand mouvement de retour au Canada (environ 48 % de ceux qui sont partis entre 2000 et 2005) ou une forte intention de le faire (61 % des diplômés de 2000 qui vivaient encore aux États-Unis en 2005). Des différences marquées ressortent cependant quand à certains facteurs, notamment le niveau et le domaine d'études. Par exemple, les titulaires d'un doctorat sont de loin les plus susceptibles de prendre le chemin des États-Unis. C'est le cas également des diplômés des domaines des mathématiques, informatique et sciences de l'information ainsi que ceux de l'architecture, génie et technologies connexes. Les différences salariales sont également élevées, de l'ordre de 27 % à 40 % de plus pour les diplômés uvrant aux États-Unis, dont seulement environ le tiers est explicable par une panoplie de facteurs observables. Enfin, nous trouvons que les diplômés de 2000 qui sont retournés au Canada après un séjour aux États-Unis gagnent, en 2005, jusqu'à 18 % de plus en moyenne que ceux qui n'ont jamais quitté le Canada, toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs. Le Canada tire ainsi avantage de l'exode de ses diplômés quand cet exode n'est pas définitif. Quoi qu'il en soit, nous ne pensons pas que le niveau actuel de l'exode des diplômés postsecondaires vers les États-Unis nécessite une intervention particulière de la part des décideurs des politiques publiques. Toutefois, le phénomène devrait être suivi continuellement puisqu'il pourrait évoluer dans le futur.

Suggested Citation

  • Brahim Boudarbat & Marie Connolly, 2013. "Exode des cerveaux : Pourquoi certains diplômés d'études postsecondaires choisissent-ils de travailler aux États-Unis?," CIRANO Project Reports 2013rp-13, CIRANO.
    • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirpro:2013rp-13
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