IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/jfutmk/v42y2022i6p1002-1038.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

VIX option‐implied volatility slope and VIX futures returns

Author

Listed:
  • Jungah Yoon
  • Xinfeng Ruan
  • Jin E. Zhang

Abstract

This paper documents the dynamics of the term structure of the implied volatility (IV) smirk of Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index (VIX) options. Empirical analysis shows that VIX option–IV slope predicts VIX futures returns over the next day to month, outperforms existing investors' perception proxies in the stock and option markets. The empirical finding is rationalized through time‐varying correlation between the VIX and volatility of VIX (VVIX), VIX jumps, and investors' net positions in VIX futures market.

Suggested Citation

  • Jungah Yoon & Xinfeng Ruan & Jin E. Zhang, 2022. "VIX option‐implied volatility slope and VIX futures returns," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(6), pages 1002-1038, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:jfutmk:v:42:y:2022:i:6:p:1002-1038
    DOI: 10.1002/fut.22317
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/fut.22317
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/fut.22317?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ivo Welch & Amit Goyal, 2008. "A Comprehensive Look at The Empirical Performance of Equity Premium Prediction," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 21(4), pages 1455-1508, July.
    2. Yi‐Wei Chuang & Wei‐Che Tsai & Ming‐Hung Wu, 2020. "The impact of net buying pressure on VIX option prices," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(2), pages 209-227, February.
    3. Yankun Chen & Jinghong Shu & Jin E. Zhang, 2016. "Investor sentiment, variance risk premium and delta-hedged gains," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(31), pages 2952-2964, July.
    4. Tim Bollerslev & George Tauchen & Hao Zhou, 2009. "Expected Stock Returns and Variance Risk Premia," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(11), pages 4463-4492, November.
    5. Avramov, Doron & Chordia, Tarun, 2006. "Predicting stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(2), pages 387-415, November.
    6. Peter Carr & Liuren Wu, 2003. "The Finite Moment Log Stable Process and Option Pricing," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(2), pages 753-777, April.
    7. Bakshi, Gurdip & Cao, Charles & Chen, Zhiwu, 1997. "Empirical Performance of Alternative Option Pricing Models," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(5), pages 2003-2049, December.
    8. Newey, Whitney K & West, Kenneth D, 1987. "Hypothesis Testing with Efficient Method of Moments Estimation," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 28(3), pages 777-787, October.
    9. Wei Guo & Sebastian A. Gehricke & Xinfeng Ruan & Jin E. Zhang, 2021. "The implied volatility smirk in SPY options," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(23), pages 2671-2692, May.
    10. Huang, Darien & Schlag, Christian & Shaliastovich, Ivan & Thimme, Julian, 2019. "Volatility-of-Volatility Risk," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 54(6), pages 2423-2452, December.
    11. Malcolm Baker & Jeffrey Wurgler, 2007. "Investor Sentiment in the Stock Market," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 21(2), pages 129-152, Spring.
    12. Ing-Haw Cheng, 2019. "The VIX Premium," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 32(1), pages 180-227.
    13. Xiaolan Jia & Xinfeng Ruan & Jin E. Zhang, 2021. "The implied volatility smirk of commodity options," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(1), pages 72-104, January.
    14. Clark, Todd E. & West, Kenneth D., 2007. "Approximately normal tests for equal predictive accuracy in nested models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 138(1), pages 291-311, May.
    15. Sebastian A. Gehricke & Jin E. Zhang, 2020. "The implied volatility smirk in the VXX options market," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(8), pages 769-788, February.
    16. Yan, Shu, 2011. "Jump risk, stock returns, and slope of implied volatility smile," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(1), pages 216-233, January.
    17. Markus K. Brunnermeier & Lasse Heje Pedersen, 2009. "Market Liquidity and Funding Liquidity," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(6), pages 2201-2238, June.
    18. repec:bla:jfinan:v:59:y:2004:i:2:p:711-753 is not listed on IDEAS
    19. Park, Yang-Ho, 2015. "Volatility-of-volatility and tail risk hedging returns," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 38-63.
    20. Fei Sun & Yijun Hu, 2018. "Quasiconvex risk measures with markets volatility," Papers 1806.08701, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2019.
    21. Gurdip Bakshi & Nikunj Kapadia & Dilip Madan, 2003. "Stock Return Characteristics, Skew Laws, and the Differential Pricing of Individual Equity Options," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 16(1), pages 101-143.
    22. Eraker, Bjørn & Wu, Yue, 2017. "Explaining the negative returns to volatility claims: An equilibrium approach," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(1), pages 72-98.
    23. Stambaugh, Robert F. & Yu, Jianfeng & Yuan, Yu, 2012. "The short of it: Investor sentiment and anomalies," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(2), pages 288-302.
    24. David E. Rapach & Jack K. Strauss & Guofu Zhou, 2010. "Out-of-Sample Equity Premium Prediction: Combination Forecasts and Links to the Real Economy," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(2), pages 821-862, February.
    25. Fei Sun & Yijun Hu, 2018. "Systemic risk measures with markets volatility," Papers 1812.06185, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2019.
    26. Junye Li & Gabriele Zinna, 2018. "The Variance Risk Premium: Components, Term Structures, and Stock Return Predictability," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(3), pages 411-425, July.
    27. Pakorn Aschakulporn & Jin E. Zhang, 2021. "New Zealand whole milk powder options," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(S1), pages 2201-2246, April.
    28. Johnson, Travis L., 2017. "Risk Premia and the VIX Term Structure," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 52(6), pages 2461-2490, December.
    29. Michael Donadelli & Marcus Jüppner & Antonio Paradiso & Christian Schlag, 2019. "Temperature Volatility Risk," Working Papers 2019:05, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari".
    30. Anthony Neuberger & Richard Payne & Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh, 2021. "The Skewness of the Stock Market over Long Horizons [Does realized skewness predict the cross-section of equity returns?]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(3), pages 1572-1616.
    31. repec:bla:jfinan:v:58:y:2003:i:2:p:753-778 is not listed on IDEAS
    32. Bryan Kelly & Ľuboš Pástor & Pietro Veronesi, 2016. "The Price of Political Uncertainty: Theory and Evidence from the Option Market," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 71(5), pages 2417-2480, October.
    33. Hahn, Jaehoon & Lee, Hangyong, 2006. "Yield Spreads as Alternative Risk Factors for Size and Book-to-Market," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 41(2), pages 245-269, June.
    34. Pedro Santa-Clara & Shu Yan, 2010. "Crashes, Volatility, and the Equity Premium: Lessons from S&P 500 Options," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 92(2), pages 435-451, May.
    35. Junjie Hu & Wolfgang Karl Hardle & Weiyu Kuo, 2019. "Risk of Bitcoin Market: Volatility, Jumps, and Forecasts," Papers 1912.05228, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2021.
    36. Xing, Yuhang & Zhang, Xiaoyan & Zhao, Rui, 2010. "What Does the Individual Option Volatility Smirk Tell Us About Future Equity Returns?," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 45(3), pages 641-662, June.
    37. Wenjin Kang & K. Geert Rouwenhorst & Ke Tang, 2020. "A Tale of Two Premiums: The Role of Hedgers and Speculators in Commodity Futures Markets," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 75(1), pages 377-417, February.
    38. Itamar Drechsler & Amir Yaron, 2011. "What's Vol Got to Do with It," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 24(1), pages 1-45.
    39. Roman Kozhan & Anthony Neuberger & Paul Schneider, 2013. "The Skew Risk Premium in the Equity Index Market," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 26(9), pages 2174-2203.
    40. Engle, Robert, 2002. "Dynamic Conditional Correlation: A Simple Class of Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(3), pages 339-350, July.
    41. Nicole M. Boyson & Christof W. Stahel & René M. Stulz, 2010. "Hedge Fund Contagion and Liquidity Shocks," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 65(5), pages 1789-1816, October.
    42. Rapach, David E. & Ringgenberg, Matthew C. & Zhou, Guofu, 2016. "Short interest and aggregate stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(1), pages 46-65.
    43. Jin Zhang & Yi Xiang, 2008. "The implied volatility smirk," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(3), pages 263-284.
    44. Yue, Tian & Gehricke, Sebastian A. & Zhang, Jin E. & Pan, Zheyao, 2021. "The implied volatility smirk in the Chinese equity options market," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    45. Peter Carr & Liuren Wu, 2009. "Variance Risk Premiums," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(3), pages 1311-1341, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Nappo, Giovanna & Marchetti, Fabio Massimo & Vagnani, Gianluca, 2023. "Traders’ heterogeneous beliefs about stock volatility and the implied volatility skew in financial options markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    2. Fang Liang & Lingshan Du & Zhuo Huang, 2023. "Option pricing with overnight and intraday volatility," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(11), pages 1576-1614, November.
    3. Albers, Stefan, 2023. "The fear of fear in the US stock market: Changing characteristics of the VVIX," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(PA).
    4. Apergis, Nicholas & Mustafa, Ghulam & Malik, Shafaq, 2023. "The role of the COVID-19 pandemic in US market volatility: Evidence from the VIX index," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 27-35.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wei Guo & Xinfeng Ruan & Sebastian A. Gehricke & Jin E. Zhang, 2023. "Term spreads of implied volatility smirk and variance risk premium," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(7), pages 829-857, July.
    2. Li, Zhenxiong & Yao, Xingzhi & Izzeldin, Marwan, 2023. "On the right jump tail inferred from the VIX market," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    3. Yaojie Zhang & Mengxi He & Zhikai Zhang, 2024. "Forecasting stock returns with industry volatility concentration," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(7), pages 2705-2730, November.
    4. Zhang, Zhikai & He, Mengxi & Zhang, Yaojie & Wang, Yudong, 2021. "Realized skewness and the short-term predictability for aggregate stock market volatility," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    5. Ruan, Xinfeng & Zhang, Jin E., 2019. "Moment spreads in the energy market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 598-609.
    6. Tai‐Yong Roh & Alireza Tourani‐Rad & Yahua Xu & Yang Zhao, 2021. "Volatility‐of‐volatility risk in the crude oil market," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(2), pages 245-265, February.
    7. Bjørn Eraker & Aoxiang Yang, 2022. "The Price of Higher Order Catastrophe Insurance: The Case of VIX Options," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 77(6), pages 3289-3337, December.
    8. Albers, Stefan, 2023. "The fear of fear in the US stock market: Changing characteristics of the VVIX," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(PA).
    9. Xiaolan Jia & Xinfeng Ruan & Jin E. Zhang, 2021. "The implied volatility smirk of commodity options," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(1), pages 72-104, January.
    10. Jia, Xiaolan & Ruan, Xinfeng & Zhang, Jin E., 2023. "Carr and Wu’s (2020) framework in the oil ETF option market," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 31(C).
    11. Biao Guo & Hai Lin, 2020. "Volatility and jump risk in option returns," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(11), pages 1767-1792, November.
    12. Connor J.A. Stuart & Sebastian A. Gehricke & Jin E. Zhang & Xinfeng Ruan, 2021. "Implied volatility smirk in the Australian dollar market," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(3), pages 4573-4599, September.
    13. Junyu Zhang & Xinfeng Ruan & Jin E. Zhang, 2023. "Risk‐neutral moments and return predictability: International evidence," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(5), pages 1086-1111, August.
    14. Byounghyun Jeon & Sung Won Seo & Jun Sik Kim, 2020. "Uncertainty and the volatility forecasting power of option‐implied volatility," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(7), pages 1109-1126, July.
    15. Mete Kilic & Ivan Shaliastovich, 2019. "Good and Bad Variance Premia and Expected Returns," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(6), pages 2522-2544, June.
    16. Yabei Zhu & Xingguo Luo & Qi Xu, 2023. "Industry variance risk premium, cross‐industry correlation, and expected returns," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(1), pages 3-32, January.
    17. Jianhui Li & Sebastian A. Gehricke & Jin E. Zhang, 2019. "How do US options traders “smirk” on China? Evidence from FXI options," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(11), pages 1450-1470, November.
    18. Jian Chen & Yangshu Liu, 2020. "Bid and ask prices of index put options: Which predicts the underlying stock returns?," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(9), pages 1337-1353, September.
    19. Ruan, Xinfeng & Zhang, Jin E., 2018. "Risk-neutral moments in the crude oil market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 583-600.
    20. Konstantinidi, Eirini & Skiadopoulos, George, 2016. "How does the market variance risk premium vary over time? Evidence from S&P 500 variance swap investment returns," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 62-75.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:jfutmk:v:42:y:2022:i:6:p:1002-1038. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-7314/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.