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Implementation challenges for seafarers’ social security protection: The case of the European Union

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  • Laura Carballo Piñeiro

Abstract

In a world of competing flag States and short‐term employment, enjoying the benefits provided by a social security system is a difficult, if not impossible, task for many seafarers. The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, has abandoned the flag State principle in favour of the residence principle for that reason. This article addresses the implementation challenges of this approach by examining the European Union case, and highlights the advantages of the residence principle in terms of administrative efficiency and effectiveness, enhanced coordination between social security contributions and personal income tax in cross‐border situations, and better use of State aid measures. Dans un monde où règnent la concurrence entre États du pavillon et l’emploi à court terme, il s’avère difficile, voire impossible, pour de nombreux marins de bénéficier d’un système de sécurité sociale. La Convention du travail maritime de 2006 a remplacé le principe de l’État du pavillon par le principe de résidence précisément pour cette raison. Cet article analyse les défis liés à la mise en œuvre de cette approche, en examinant le cas de l’Union européenne, et souligne les avantages du principe de résidence sur le plan de l’efficacité et de l’efficience administratives, d’une corrélation renforcée entre les cotisations sociales et l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques dans des contextes transfrontaliers, et d’une meilleure utilisation des mesures d’aide d’État. En un mundo dominado por la competencia entre Estados del pabellón y por el empleo de corta duración, beneficiarse de las prestaciones de un sistema de seguridad social no es fácil, por no decir imposible, para mucha gente de mar. El Convenio sobre el Trabajo Marítimo de 2006 ha abandonado el principio del Estado del pabellón en favor del principio del Estado de residencia por ese motivo. En este artículo se abordan los problemas de aplicación de este enfoque mediante el estudio del caso de la Unión Europea y se destacan las ventajas del principio del Estado de residencia en cuanto a la eficiencia y la eficacia administrativas, una mejor coordinación de las cotizaciones de seguridad social y del impuesto sobre la renta de las personas físicas en situaciones transfronterizas, y un mejor uso de las medidas de ayuda estatales. In einer Welt miteinander konkurrierender Flaggenstaaten und kurzfristiger Beschäftigungsverhältnisse ist der Bezug von Sozialversicherungsleistungen für viele Seeleute ein schwieriges, wenn nicht gar unmögliches Unterfangen. Im Seearbeitsübereinkommen von 2006 wurde deshalb das Prinzip der Flaggenstaaten durch das Wohnsitzprinzip ersetzt. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit den Herausforderungen für die Umsetzung dieses Prinzips am Beispiel der Europäischen Union. Dabei wird herausgearbeitet, welche Vorteile das Wohnsitzprinzip für die administrative Effizienz und Wirksamkeit, für die gegenseitige Anrechnung der Beiträge der sozialen Sicherheit und für die persönliche Einkommenssteuer in grenzüberschreitenden Situationen hat. Außerdem können damit staatliche Hilfen besser genutzt werden. В условиях конкуренции между государствами флага и использования краткосрочных трудовых договоров многим морякам бывает трудно, если вообще возможно, воспользоваться правом на получение социального пособия. По этой причине в Конвенции 2006 года о труде в морском судоходстве принцип государства флага был заменён принципом резидентства. Трудности с реализацией нового подхода рассматриваются в статье на примере Европейского союза. В ней подчёркиваются преимущества принципа резидентства – эффективность администрирования, повышение степени согласованности между взносами в систему социального обеспечения и налогами с доходов физических лиц в трансграничных ситуациях и более эффективное применение мер государственной поддержки. 海员社会保障保护实施挑战:欧盟案例 劳拉·卡巴洛·皮内罗(Laura Carballo Piñeiro) 在充满船旗国竞争和短期就业的世界中, 对于许多船员而言, 即便有可能享受社会保障制度福利, 也是一项艰巨的任务。因此, 2006年《海事劳工公约》放弃了船员国原则, 而选择了居住地原则。本文阐述了居住地原则方法的实施挑战, 研究了欧盟案例, 并强调居住地原则的诸多优势, 例如行政效率效果, 加强跨境情况下社会保障缴费和个人所得税之间的协调, 以及更好地使用国家援助措施等。 التحديات التي تواجه تطبيق الحماية الاجتماعية للبحارة: الاتحاد الأوروبي مثالاً Laura Carballo Piñeiro في عالم تتنافس فيه دول العلم، ويتسم العمل فيه بعقود قصيرة الأجل، يمثل التمتع بالمنافع التي يوفرها نظام الضمان الاجتماعي مهمةً صعبةً، إن لم تكن مستحيلةً، للعديد من البحارة. ولهذا السبب، استعاضت اتفاقية العمل البحري لعام 2006 عن مبدأ الدولة العلم بمبدأ الإقامة. ويتناول هذا المقال التحديات التي تواجه تطبيق هذا النهج من خلال دراسة مثال الاتحاد الأوروبي، ويسلط الضوء على مزايا مبدأ الإقامة فيما يتعلق بالفعالية والكفاءة الإداريتين، ومزايا التنسيق بين اشتراكات الضمان الاجتماعي وضريبة الدخل الفردي في الحالات العابرة للحدود، واستخدام أفضل لتدابير المساعدة التي توفرها الدولة. Desafios da implementação da proteção de seguridade social para trabalhadores marítimos: o caso da União Europeia Laura Carballo Piñeiro Em um mundo de Estados de bandeira concorrentes e empregos de curto prazo, desfrutar dos benefícios proporcionados por um sistema de seguridade social é uma tarefa difícil, senão impossível, para muitos trabalhadores marítimos. A Convenção sobre Trabalho Marítimo, de 2006, abandonou o princípio do Estado de bandeira em favor do princípio de residência por essa razão. Este artigo aborda os desafios de implementação desta abordagem, examinando o caso da União Europeia e destaca as vantagens do princípio de residência em termos de eficiência administrativa e eficácia, melhor coordenação entre as contribuições de seguridade social e o imposto de renda pessoal em situações transfronteiriças, e melhor utilização das medidas de auxílio estatal.

Suggested Citation

  • Laura Carballo Piñeiro, 2020. "Implementation challenges for seafarers’ social security protection: The case of the European Union," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 73(4), pages 3-24, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:73:y:2020:i:4:p:3-24
    DOI: 10.1111/issr.12248
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gekara, Victor Oyaro, 2010. "The stamp of neoliberalism on the UK tonnage tax and the implications for British seafaring," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 487-494, May.
    2. Patrick Chaumette, 2016. "Seafarers: an international labour market in perspective [Gens de mer : un marché international du travail]," Post-Print halshs-01469625, HAL.
    3. Nurulsyahirah Taha & Karin Astrid Siegmann & Mahmood Messkoub, 2015. "How portable is social security for migrant workers? A review of the literature," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 68(1), pages 95-118, January.
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