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When Does Terror Induce a State of Emergency? And What Are the Effects?

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  • Christian Bjørnskov
  • Stefan Voigt

Abstract

The relationship between terrorist activities and states of emergency has never been explored in a cross-country perspective. This article is a first step to change that. Given that a terror act has been committed, what are the factors that lead governments to declare a state of emergency (SOE)—or refrain from declaring it? And given that a SOE has been declared, what are the effects thereof? On the basis of seventy-nine countries all having Western-style constitutions, we find that more terrorist incidents increase the likelihood of a SOE. Interestingly, emergencies are less likely to be declared in election years, supposedly because governments believe them to be unpopular. Once a SOE is declared, it generally leads to substantially more government repression. Finally, countries already under a SOE are more likely to suffer from additional terror attacks, challenging the effectiveness of states of emergency.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian Bjørnskov & Stefan Voigt, 2020. "When Does Terror Induce a State of Emergency? And What Are the Effects?," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 64(4), pages 579-613, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jocore:v:64:y:2020:i:4:p:579-613
    DOI: 10.1177/0022002719865994
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Christian Bjørnskov & Stefan Voigt, 2022. "This time is different?—on the use of emergency measures during the corona pandemic," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 54(1), pages 63-81, August.
    2. Christian Bjørnskov & Stefan Voigt, 2022. "Terrorism and emergency constitutions in the Muslim world," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 59(3), pages 305-318, May.
    3. Jerg Gutmann & Stefan Voigt, 2023. "Militant constitutionalism: a promising concept to make constitutional backsliding less likely?," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 195(3), pages 377-404, June.
    4. Christian Bjørnskov & Stefan Voigt & Mahdi Khesali, 2022. "Unconstitutional States of Emergency," The Journal of Legal Studies, University of Chicago Press, vol. 51(2), pages 455-481.
    5. Stephan Schneider & Sven Kunze, 2021. "Disastrous Discretion: Ambiguous Decision Situations Foster Political Favoritism," KOF Working papers 21-491, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
    6. Antonis Adam & Evi Tsavou, 2024. "Assessing the effect of international terrorism on civil liberties using a potential outcomes framework," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 200(1), pages 201-236, July.
    7. Christian Bjørnskov & Stefan Voigt, 2022. "Emergencies: on the misuse of government powers," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 190(1), pages 1-32, January.
    8. Bjørnskov, Christian & Mchangama, Jacob, 2023. "Freedom of Expression and Social Conflict," Working Paper Series 1473, Research Institute of Industrial Economics.

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