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Evolution in bank complexity

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Abstract

This study documents the changing organizational complexity of bank holding companies as gauged by the number and types of subsidiaries. Using comprehensive data on U.S. financial acquisitions over the past thirty years, the authors track the process of consolidation and diversification, finding that banks not only grew in size, but also incorporated subsidiaries that span the entire spectrum of business activities within the financial sector. Their analysis shows that bank holding companies added banks to their firms in the early 1990s, but gradually expanded into nonbank intermediation through acquisitions of already?formed subsidiaries in the years following. They view this emergence as consistent with a move toward a model of finance oriented to securitization, and consider the implications of this new complexity for supervision and resolution.

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  • Nicola Cetorelli & James J. McAndrews & James Traina, 2014. "Evolution in bank complexity," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, issue Dec, pages 85-106.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fednep:00012
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    Cited by:

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    2. Aldasoro, Iñaki & Hardy, Bryan & Jager, Maximilian, 2022. "The Janus face of bank geographic complexity," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    3. Philippon, Thomas, 2016. "The FinTech Opportunity," CEPR Discussion Papers 11409, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    4. Lumsdaine, R.L. & Rockmore, D.N. & Foti, N.J. & Leibon, G. & Farmer, J.D., 2021. "The intrafirm complexity of systemically important financial institutions," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    5. Argimón, Isabel & Rodríguez-Moreno, María, 2022. "Risk and control in complex banking groups," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    6. Ly, Kim Cuong & Shimizu, Katsutoshi, 2018. "Funding liquidity risk and internal markets in multi-bank holding companies: Diversification or internalization?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 77-89.
    7. Toni Ahnert & Benjamin Nelson, 2016. "Opaque Assets and Rollover Risk," Staff Working Papers 16-17, Bank of Canada.
    8. Adrian, Tobias & Breuer, Peter & Ashcraft, Adam & Cetorelli, Nicola, 2018. "A Review of Shadow Banking," CEPR Discussion Papers 13363, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    9. Nicola Cetorelli & James Traina, 2021. "Resolving “Too Big to Fail”," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 60(1), pages 1-23, August.
    10. Flood, Mark D. & Kenett, Dror Y. & Lumsdaine, Robin L. & Simon, Jonathan K., 2020. "The Complexity of Bank Holding Companies: A Topological Approach," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    11. Cuong, Ly Kim, 2021. "Are financial holding companies' subsidiaries riskier than bank holding companies’ affiliates?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 1025-1033.
    12. Sarah Goldman & Virginia Zhelyazkova, 2023. "Drivers of Shadow Banking System: A Panel Empirical Approach for Developed Countries," Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 8, pages 95-122.
    13. Chernobai, Anna & Ozdagli, Ali & Wang, Jianlin, 2021. "Business complexity and risk management: Evidence from operational risk events in U.S. bank holding companies," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 418-440.
    14. Agostino Capponi & Xu Sun & David D. Yao, 2020. "A Dynamic Network Model of Interbank Lending—Systemic Risk and Liquidity Provisioning," Mathematics of Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 45(3), pages 1127-1152, August.
    15. Correa, Ricardo & Goldberg, Linda S., 2022. "Bank complexity, governance, and risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    16. Ma, Chang & Nguyen, Xuan-Hai, 2021. "Too big to fail and optimal regulation," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 747-758.
    17. Krause, Thomas & Sondershaus, Talina & Tonzer, Lena, 2017. "Complexity and bank risk during the financial crisis," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 118-121.
    18. Ajjima Jiravichai & Ruth Banomyong, 2022. "A Proposed Methodology for Literature Review on Operational Risk Management in Banks," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-18, May.
    19. Avdjiev, Stefan & Binder, Stephan & Sousa, Ricardo, 2021. "External debt composition and domestic credit cycles," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    20. Bakkar, Yassine & Nyola, Annick Pamen, 2021. "Internationalization, foreign complexity and systemic risk: Evidence from European banks," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    21. Krause, Thomas & Sondershaus, Talina & Tonzer, Lena, 2016. "The Role of Complexity for Bank Risk during the Financial Crisis: Evidence from a Novel Dataset," IWH Discussion Papers 17/2016, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
    22. Pham, Thi Hoang Anh & Doan, Ngoc Thang, 2023. "Global bank complexity and financial fragility around the world," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 47(1).
    23. Nyola, Annick Pamen & Sauviat, Alain & Tarazi, Amine & Danisman, Gamze Ozturk, 2021. "How organizational and geographic complexity influence performance: Evidence from European banks," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    24. Ly, Kim Cuong & Liu, Frank Hong & Opong, Kwaku, 2018. "Can parents protect their children? Risk comparison analysis between affiliates of multi- and single-bank holding companies," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 1-10.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Organizational complexity; Financial intermediation;

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • L21 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Business Objectives of the Firm
    • L22 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Firm Organization and Market Structure
    • G20 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - General

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