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Simultaneous effects of clustering and endogeneity on the underpricing difference of IPO firms: A global evidence

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  • Jamaani, Fouad
  • Ahmed, Abdullahi D.

Abstract

This paper provides the first empirical examination of the Entrepreneurial Wealth Losses (EWL) theory in explaining the global underpricing difference while simultaneously accounting for various clustering effects on the endogenous underwriter-underpricing relationship. We carefully evaluate the effect of clustering in standard errors within years, industries, countries, and developed versus developing countries. Employed here is a large global dataset comprising 10,212 IPO-issuing firms from 22 developed and developing countries between 1995 and 2016. Our 2SLS results provide strong evidence relating the existence of dispersion in underpricing in the global IPO market to the three dimensions of the EWL theory. When the degree of ex-ante uncertainty surrounding the time of offering is high, results show that in countries with a high level of IPO underpricing, issuers sell less secondary shares, create less primary shares, and employ less reputable underwriters. After adjusting for the clustering effect, the EWL model fails in cross-country settings and in developing stock markets while it succeeds in developed ones. This is due to the failure to capture the endogenous underwriter reputation-underpricing relationship. We show how ignoring one- and two-way clustering effects in the IPO data influences results. The validity of the EWL model particularly the statistical significance of the endogenous underwriter reputation-underpricing relationship vanishes based on the way we cluster our standard errors. Instead, we uncover conclusive evidence supporting the spinning behavior rationale where prestigious underwriters in developing equity markets burden IPO firms with a hefty underwriting fee. Sequentially, they leave big amounts of money on the table for investors to cash it out at the expense of issuers. Entrepreneurs in developing nations appear not to be concerned by this spinning practice, because they care little about their wealth losses in exchange for securing successful offering. Policy-wise, the paper provides several practical contributions.

Suggested Citation

  • Jamaani, Fouad & Ahmed, Abdullahi D., 2020. "Simultaneous effects of clustering and endogeneity on the underpricing difference of IPO firms: A global evidence," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:riibaf:v:54:y:2020:i:c:s0275531919308670
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101250
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lily Hua Fang, 2005. "Investment Bank Reputation and the Price and Quality of Underwriting Services," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(6), pages 2729-2761, December.
    2. Hearn, Bruce, 2013. "The determinants of director remuneration, executive tenure and individual executive disclosure in North African IPO firms," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 162-182.
    3. Tim Loughran & Jay Ritter, 2004. "Why Has IPO Underpricing Changed Over Time?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 33(3), Fall.
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    5. Butler, Alexander W. & Keefe, Michael O'Connor & Kieschnick, Robert, 2014. "Robust determinants of IPO underpricing and their implications for IPO research," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 367-383.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jamaani, Fouad & Ahmed, Abdullahi D., 2021. "Modifier effects of country-level transparency on global underpricing difference: New hierarchical evidence," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    2. Manal Alidarous & Fouad Jamaani, 2021. "The Concurrent Effects of IFRS Mandate and Formal Institutional Quality on the Aftermarket Performance of IPO Firms in Emerging Countries," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 12(3), pages 320-344, May.
    3. Jamaani, Fouad & Ahmed, Abdullahi D., 2022. "The psychological and economic roles of culture on global underpricing difference: A new hierarchical evidence," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(C).
    4. Mumtaz, Muhammad Zubair & Yoshino, Naoyuki, 2021. "Greenness index: IPO performance and portfolio allocation," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    5. Hanafi, Mamduh M., 2021. "Fixed price and book building methods in an exogenous environment: Evidence from Indonesia stock market," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Initial public offering; Underpricing; Information asymmetry; Underwriter reputation; Endogeneity; Clustering;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading
    • P51 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Comparative Economic Systems - - - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage
    • C18 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Methodolical Issues: General

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