Economic Institution Rankings at IDEAS

This file is part of IDEAS, which uses RePEc data

Top 5% Economic Institutions, as of June 2008

h, where author has written h papers that have each been cited at least h times. For institutions or regions, h, where h authors have an HIndex of h or more, ties resolved by number of citations needed to reach next h

Only authors registered with the RePEc Author Service are considered.
Only works listed on RePEc and claimed as theirs by registered authors are counted.
Different versions of the same work published in different series or journals are counted only once.
Number of pages published in journals.
The score of each work is divided by the number of authors.
Authors are attributed equally and fully to each institution they claimed to be affiliated with.
Only institutions listed in EDIRC are counted.
Authors affiliated with subentities of institutions listed in EDIRC are also counted in the latter.
Subentities of ranked institutions do not increment the rank count and have their rank listed in parentheses

This ranking is based on 3763 institutions with 16815 registered authors.

Same ranking by individual authors or countries and states. All institution rankings. More rankings.

The data presented here is experimental. It is based on a limited sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Rank	Institution	Location	Score	Authors
1	National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	91167.5	307
2	Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)	London, United Kingdom	60126.88	250
3	Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)	Bonn, Germany	54646.7	390
4	CESifo	München, Germany	23005.17	100
5	World Bank Group	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	19703.01	186
6	Department of Economics, Oxford University	Oxford, United Kingdom	18677.29	119
7	Department of Economics, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	17953.12	45
8	London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	17864.43	130
9	Department of Economics, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	15043.43	42
(9)	Economics Research, World Bank Group	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	14151.82	98
10	International Monetary Fund (IMF)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	12330.7	154
11	Department of Economics, University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, California (USA)	11756.22	34
12	Department of Economics, University of Warwick	Coventry, United Kingdom	11494.3	59
13	Department of Economics, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	10729.51	41
14	Department of Economics, School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	10276.45	37
15	Economics Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	10066	29
16	Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	9624.44	36
17	Rimini Center for Economic Analysis (RCEA)	Rimini, Italy	9548.53	77
18	Tinbergen Instituut	Amsterdam, Netherlands	9183.11	58
19	Department of Economics, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	8595.55	27
20	Graduate School of Business, Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	8503.88	37
21	DIW Berlin (Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)	Berlin, Germany	8106.33	108
22	Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	8081.75	31
(22)	Economic Research, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	7859.58	28
23	Economics Department, Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut (USA)	7858.71	27
24	Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	7849.61	38
25	Department of Economics, University of California-San Diego (UCSD)	La Jolla, California (USA)	7727.85	34
26	Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit van Amsterdam	Amsterdam, Netherlands	7701.94	68
27	Department of Economics, University of Toronto	Toronto, Canada	7635.33	53
28	Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut (USA)	7557.2	17
29	Department of Economics, Northwestern University	Evanston, Illinois (USA)	7555.18	26
30	Paris-Jourdan Sciences Économiques (PSE), École Normale Supérieure	Paris, France	7495.58	55
31	Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	7415.18	45
32	Department of Economics, University College London, University of London	London, United Kingdom	7396.47	40
(32)	Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	7378.96	39
33	Economics Department, Queen's University	Kingston, Canada	6966.58	48
34	Federal Reserve Bank of New York	New York City, New York (USA)	6920.87	63
35	Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	6900.15	31
36	Toulouse School of Economics (TSE)	Toulouse, France	6843.58	70
37	Department of Economics, Boston University	Boston, Massachusetts (USA)	6841.04	44
(37)	Finance & Economics Department, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	6722.13	21
38	Department of Economics, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA)	Los Angeles, California (USA)	6670.37	34
39	Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Bedrijfskunde, Vrije Universiteit	Amsterdam, Netherlands	6650.71	55
(39)	Research and Statistics Group, Federal Reserve Bank of New York	New York City, New York (USA)	6526.07	58
40	Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University	Nashville, Tennessee (USA)	6524.68	23
41	CentER for Economic Research, Universiteit van Tilburg (Katholieke Universiteit Brabant)	Tilburg, Netherlands	6434.07	81
42	Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)	London, United Kingdom	6414.67	40
43	Department of Economics, Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	6357.17	30
44	Faculty of Business and Economics, Monash University	Clayton, Australia	6214.3	51
45	Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge	Cambridge, United Kingdom	5936.37	41
46	Walter A. Haas School of Business, University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, California (USA)	5905.96	18
47	Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE), Université Catholique de Louvain	Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium	5736.9	45
48	Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic Economics (CHILD)	Torino, Italy	5629.9	51
49	Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York	York, United Kingdom	5605.74	29
50	Stern School of Business, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	5598.53	31
51	Federal Reserve Board (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	5579.88	60
52	Hoover Institution on War Revolution & Peace, Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	5490.38	14
53	Department of Economics, Boston College	Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts (USA)	5447.73	32
54	School of Economics, University of Nottingham	Nottingham, United Kingdom	5425.08	36
(54)	Economics Department, London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	5416.58	42
55	Economics Department, Brown University	Providence, Rhode Island (USA)	5398.26	33
(55)	Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE)	Toulouse, France	5326.81	24
56	Department of Economics, University of British Columbia	Vancouver, Canada	5323.66	24
57	Department of Economics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem	Jerusalem, Israel	5300.71	23
58	Economics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, Wisconsin (USA)	5234.41	18
59	Faculty of Economics and Commerce, University of Melbourne	Melbourne, Australia	5230.18	51
60	Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis	Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA)	5199.75	20
61	Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (WIFO)	Wien, Austria	5103.35	29
62	Harvard Business School, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	5040.75	23
63	Department of Economics, Duke University	Durham, North Carolina (USA)	5004.91	30
64	Economics Department, University of California-Davis	Davis, California (USA)	5002.65	25
65	Economics Department, Michigan State University	East Lansing, Michigan (USA)	4963.65	34
66	School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	4962.95	14
67	Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis (CAMA)		4929.41	37
68	Departamento de Economía, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid	Madrid, Spain	4708.49	72
69	Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario	London, Canada	4698.13	29
70	Paris School of Economics	Paris, France	4662.33	71
71	Economics Department, University of California-Santa Cruz (UCSC)	Santa Cruz, California (USA)	4651.61	14
72	European Central Bank	Frankfurt am Main, Germany	4632.79	90
73	School of Economics, University of Queensland	Brisbane, Australia	4586.48	38
74	Department of Economics, Washington University	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	4517.19	19
75	Centre d'Économie de la Sorbonne, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris I)	Paris, France	4460.95	108
76	Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University	Evanston, Illinois (USA)	4460.11	33
(76)	Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, University of Melbourne	Melbourne, Australia	4449.51	37
77	Facoltà di Economia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata"	Roma, Italy	4388.76	52
78	Economics Department, University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, Michigan (USA)	4223.51	31
79	Department of Economics, University of Minnesota	Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA)	4221.16	21
80	Brookings Institution	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	4216.93	14
81	College of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	4208.71	24
82	Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco	San Francisco, California (USA)	4204.21	25
83	Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung, Universität St. Gallen	Sankt Gallen, Switzerland	4135.73	33
84	Department of Economics, Iowa State University	Ames, Iowa (USA)	4065.59	36
85	Graduate School of Business, Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	3994.4	22
86	Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research (IGIER), Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi	Milano, Italy	3965.98	30
(86)	Economics Group, Nuffield College, Department of Economics, Oxford University	Oxford, United Kingdom	3952.76	25
87	Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen, Universiteit van Tilburg (Katholieke Universiteit Brabant)	Tilburg, Netherlands	3932.31	47
88	Department of Economics, Simon Fraser University	Burnaby, Canada	3931.5	29
89	Department of Economics, University of Connecticut	Storrs, Connecticut (USA)	3901.09	49
90	Departament d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat Pompeu Fabra	Barcelona, Spain	3876.19	42
91	Groupement de Recherche en Économie Quantitative d'Aix-Marseille (GREQAM)	Marseille, France	3875.26	33
92	Department of Economics, University of Calgary	Calgary, Canada	3872.35	28
93	Department of Economics, University of Maryland	College Park, Maryland (USA)	3856.64	25
94	Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen, Erasmus Universiteit	Rotterdam, Netherlands	3813.83	57
95	Department of Economics, European University Institute	Firenze, Italy	3753.92	42
96	Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University	Cardiff, United Kingdom	3748.66	29
(96)	Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	3692.28	19
97	Department of Economics, University of Washington	Seattle, Washington (USA)	3663.25	11
98	Department of Economics, Cornell University	Ithaca, New York (USA)	3648.61	23
99	Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen	Groningen, Netherlands	3628.91	34
100	Department of Economics, Ohio State University	Columbus, Ohio (USA)	3603.16	18
101	Eitan Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University	Tel Aviv, Israel	3601.38	13
102	William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, Michigan (USA)	3600.81	23
(102)	Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), Department of Economics, Oxford University	Oxford, United Kingdom	3586.52	22
103	Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakutät, Universität Zürich	Zürich, Switzerland	3564.89	35
104	Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	3560.18	18
105	Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE), Government of France	Paris, France	3551.35	35
(105)	Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique (CREST), Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE), Government of France	Paris, France	3527.85	34
106	Department of Economics, University of Colorado	Boulder, Colorado (USA)	3505.21	20
107	Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit Maastricht	Maastricht, Netherlands	3495.84	49
108	Economics Program, Research School of Social Sciences (RSSS), Australian National University	Canberra, Australia	3494.75	25
109	Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfswetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven	Leuven, Belgium	3456.44	62
110	Department of Economics, McGill University	Montréal, Canada	3424.08	27
111	Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London	Egham, United Kingdom	3420.62	26
(111)	Economic Research, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco	San Francisco, California (USA)	3416.33	20
112	Department of Economics, University of California-Irvine	Irvine, California (USA)	3414.58	17
113	Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, California (USA)	3388.05	21
114	Resources for the Future (RFF)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	3382.24	26
115	Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität	München, Germany	3343.05	27
(115)	Finance Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	3325.36	20
116	Department of Economics, University of Glasgow	Glasgow, United Kingdom	3316.99	30
117	Economics Department, George Mason University	Fairfax, Virginia (USA)	3280.2	14
118	Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna	Bologna, Italy	3265	51
119	Department of Economics, University of California-Santa Barbara (UCSB)	Santa Barbara, California (USA)	3227.25	13
120	Department of Economics, McMaster University	Hamilton, Canada	3212.3	32
121	Economics Department, University of Essex	Colchester, United Kingdom	3211.41	29
122	Tepper School of Business Administration, Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA)	3206.11	15
(122)	Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis	Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA)	3160.2	13
123	Department of Economics, National University of Singapore	Singapore, Singapore	3144.75	30
124	Department of Economics, University of Southern California	Los Angeles, California (USA)	3143.79	12
(124)	Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Monash University	Clayton, Australia	3114.11	17
125	United Nations University-Maastricht Economic Research Institute of Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT)	Maastricht, Netherlands	3073.94	40
126	Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia	Vancouver, Canada	3028.83	17
127	Department of Economics, Florida State University	Tallahassee, Florida (USA)	3023.66	26
(127)	Research Department, International Monetary Fund (IMF)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	3021.33	31
128	Department of Economics, University of Alberta	Edmonton, Canada	2997.73	29
129	Warrington College of Business, University of Florida	Gainesville, Florida (USA)	2991.16	9
130	Collegio Carlo Alberto	Moncalieri, Italy	2961.93	46
(130)	Strategy and Business Economics Division, Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia	Vancouver, Canada	2953.33	14
131	European Centre for Advanced Research in Economics and Statistics (ECARES), Université Libre de Bruxelles	Bruxelles, Belgium	2947.2	34
132	Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Économie Quantitative (CIREQ)	Montréal, Canada	2943.33	20
133	Max-Planck-Institut für Ökonomik, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft	Jena, Germany	2922.5	53
134	John E. Walker Department of Economics, Clemson University	Clemson, South Carolina (USA)	2921.88	21
135	Department of Economics, University of Guelph	Guelph, Canada	2914.82	29
136	Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland	College Park, Maryland (USA)	2906.78	18
137	Business School, University of Auckland	Auckland, New Zealand	2904.05	10
138	Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Humboldt-Universität	Berlin, Germany	2831.37	66
(138)	Economics Section, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University	Cardiff, United Kingdom	2814.58	24
139	Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	2776.33	13
140	Australian School of Business, University of New South Wales	Sydney, Australia	2763.05	27
141	Olin School of Business, Washington University	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	2723.5	11
142	College of Business, Arizona State University	Tempe, Arizona (USA)	2709.58	14
(142)	Department of Economics, Business School, University of Auckland	Auckland, New Zealand	2705.58	8
(142)	Afdeling Ruimtelijke Economie, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Bedrijfskunde, Vrije Universiteit	Amsterdam, Netherlands	2670.03	17
143	Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo	Tokyo, Japan	2666.23	18
144	Geary Institute, University College Dublin	Dublin, Ireland	2652.5	10
145	Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques (OCDE)	Paris, France	2652.11	84
146	Økonomisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo	Oslo, Norway	2642.61	19
147	Département de Sciences Économiques, Université de Montréal	Montréal, Canada	2641.66	17
148	Wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Fachbereich, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität	Bonn, Germany	2637.38	27
(148)	Department of Economics, Tepper School of Business Administration, Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA)	2629.21	10
149	Economics, University of Manchester	Manchester, United Kingdom	2626.48	23
150	School of Management, Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut (USA)	2620.93	15
151	Sveriges Riksbank	Stockholm, Sweden	2619.11	22
152	Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA)	Los Angeles, California (USA)	2617.41	7
153	Krannert School of Management, Purdue University	West Lafayette, Indiana (USA)	2616.41	16
(153)	Department of Economics, College of Business, Arizona State University	Tempe, Arizona (USA)	2599.74	12
154	Economics Department, Georgetown University	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	2588.83	24
155	Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Analyse des Organisations (CIRANO)	Montréal, Canada	2586.33	29
156	Department of Economics, Tufts University	Medford, Massachusetts (USA)	2584	18
157	School of Finance and Economics, University of Technology	Sydney, Australia	2572.78	32
(157)	Economics Department, Stern School of Business, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	2547.85	13
158	Handelshögskolan i Stockholm	Stockholm, Sweden	2543.29	35
159	Kelley School of Business, Indiana University	Bloomington, Indiana (USA)	2538.11	15
160	Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	2505.75	17
(160)	Economic Analysis & Policy Group (EAP), Walter A. Haas School of Business, University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, California (USA)	2498.91	8
(160)	Department of Business Economics and Public Policy, Kelley School of Business, Indiana University	Bloomington, Indiana (USA)	2488.53	13
161	Nationalekonomiska Institutionen, Uppsala Universitet	Uppsala, Sweden	2465.45	42
162	Institutet för Näringslivsforskning (IFN)	Stockholm, Sweden	2462.66	22
163	Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City	Kansas City, Missouri (USA)	2448.58	15
164	Department of Economics, Leicester University	Leicester, United Kingdom	2444.16	25
(164)	Institut für Empirische Wirtschaftsforschung, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakutät, Universität Zürich	Zürich, Switzerland	2431.14	14
165	Faculté des sciences économiques, sociales et politiques (ESPO), Université Catholique de Louvain	Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium	2430.08	37
166	Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	2419.28	12
167	Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland	Cleveland, Ohio (USA)	2403.99	13
168	Department of Economics, University of Texas-Austin	Austin, Texas (USA)	2387.99	23
169	Department of Economics, University of Surrey	Guildford, United Kingdom	2375.91	20
170	Department of Economics, Rutgers University-New Brunswick	New Brunswick, New Jersey (USA)	2366.66	16
171	Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), University of Essex	Colchester, United Kingdom	2360.04	29
172	College of Business, University of Wyoming	Laramie, Wyoming (USA)	2348.6	4
(172)	Department of Economics and Finance, College of Business, University of Wyoming	Laramie, Wyoming (USA)	2348.6	4
173	Dipartimento di Economia "S. Cognetti de Martiis", Università degli Studi di Torino	Torino, Italy	2341.44	25
(173)	Department of Economics, Krannert School of Management, Purdue University	West Lafayette, Indiana (USA)	2340.59	14
174	SOM Research School, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen	Groningen, Netherlands	2311.9	20
175	Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA)	Basel/Zürich, Switzerland	2307.78	6
176	Department of Economics, Bar Ilan University	Ramat-Gan, Israel	2307.75	11
177	Management School, Lancaster University	Lancaster, United Kingdom	2286.9	18
178	Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign	Urbana-Champaign, Illinois (USA)	2281.33	18
179	Department of Economics, University of Virginia	Charlottesville, Virginia (USA)	2272.74	16
180	James M. Buchanan Center for Political Economy, George Mason University	Fairfax, Virginia (USA)	2249.35	9
181	College of Business and Economics, Australian National University	Canberra, Australia	2233.3	15
182	Joseph L. Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto	Toronto, Canada	2228.18	19
(182)	Vakgroep Algemene Economie, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit Maastricht	Maastricht, Netherlands	2212.95	26
183	Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond	Richmond, Virginia (USA)	2210.91	9
184	School of Economics and Finance, University of St. Andrews	Fife, United Kingdom	2185.66	16
185	Facultad de Ciencia Económicas y Administrativas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile	Santiago, Chile	2171.58	20
186	School of Industrial & Labor Relations, Cornell University	Ithaca, New York (USA)	2148.83	8
187	Economics Department, Dartmouth College	Hanover, New Hampshire (USA)	2135.25	12
188	Carol Martin Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky	Lexington, Kentucky (USA)	2132.83	10
(188)	Instituto de Economía, Facultad de Ciencia Económicas y Administrativas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile	Santiago, Chile	2118.25	17
189	Economics Department, University of Strathclyde	Glasgow, United Kingdom	2117.38	17
(189)	Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD), London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	2114.99	18

Credits:

Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Technical University of Valencia, Spain.
Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
Author registration by Ivan Kumanov, Minsk, Belarus.
Institutions database and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann, University of Connecticut.
RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel, Long Island University.

We do our best, but we cannot exclude errors.