Economic Institution Rankings at IDEAS

This file is part of IDEAS, which uses RePEc data

Top 5% Economic Institutions, as of February 2008

h, where author has written h papers that have each been cited at least h times. For institutions or regions, h, where h authors have an HIndex of h or more, ties resolved by number of citations needed to reach next h

Only authors registered with the RePEc Author Service are considered.
Only works listed on RePEc and claimed as theirs by registered authors are counted.
Citations are determined from references of listed works. Both the cited and citing works have to be listed in RePEc. See CitEc for details on the citation extraction.
Number of citing registered authors.
Authors are attributed equally and fully to each institution they claimed to be affiliated with.
Only institutions listed in EDIRC are counted.
Authors affiliated with subentities of institutions listed in EDIRC are also counted in the latter.
Subentities of ranked institutions do not increment the rank count and have their rank listed in parentheses

This ranking is based on 3595 institutions with 15687 registered authors.

Same ranking by individual authors or countries and states. All institution rankings. More rankings.

The data presented here is experimental. It is based on a limited sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Rank	Institution	Location	Score	Authors
1	National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	91321	290
2	Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)	London, United Kingdom	41728	242
3	Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)	Bonn, Germany	33477	373
4	Department of Economics, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	22710	43
5	Department of Economics, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	14740	41
6	London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	10819	126
7	Department of Economics, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	9974	27
8	Department of Economics, University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, California (USA)	9788	32
9	Department of Economics, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	9743	37
10	International Monetary Fund (IMF)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	9493	151
11	Department of Economics, Oxford University	Oxford, United Kingdom	9243	113
12	CESifo	München, Germany	9004	96
13	Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	8877	35
14	Economics Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	8820	27
15	Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	8250	34
16	World Bank Group	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	7259	127
17	Department of Economics, School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	7219	33
18	Graduate School of Business, Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	7114	35
19	Hoover Institution on War Revolution & Peace, Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	6936	13
20	Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)	London, United Kingdom	6589	38
21	Department of Economics, Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	6570	28
22	Department of Economics, University of California-San Diego (UCSD)	La Jolla, California (USA)	6510	33
23	Department of Economics, Boston University	Boston, Massachusetts (USA)	6212	42
24	Federal Reserve Board (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	6168	58
25	Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis	Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA)	6042	19
(25)	Finance & Economics Department, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	5562	21
26	Harvard Business School, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	5543	20
(26)	Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	5511	38
27	Department of Economics, University College London, University of London	London, United Kingdom	5154	37
(27)	Economics Department, London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	4993	42
28	Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	4928	30
29	Department of Economics, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA)	Los Angeles, California (USA)	4879	29
30	Economics Department, Brown University	Providence, Rhode Island (USA)	4848	32
31	Department of Economics, University of Minnesota	Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA)	4734	18
32	Department of Economics, Northwestern University	Evanston, Illinois (USA)	4626	23
33	Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	4603	46
34	Stern School of Business, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	4428	30
35	Graduate School of Business, Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	4393	20
36	Economics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, Wisconsin (USA)	4335	20
(36)	Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis	Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA)	4221	13
37	Paris-Jourdan Sciences Économiques (PSE), École Normale Supérieure	Paris, France	4167	55
38	Tinbergen Instituut	Amsterdam, Netherlands	4036	52
39	European Central Bank	Frankfurt am Main, Germany	4002	83
(39)	Economics Group, Nuffield College, Department of Economics, Oxford University	Oxford, United Kingdom	3967	24
40	Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	3862	12
41	Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research (IGIER), Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi	Milano, Italy	3811	30
42	Toulouse School of Economics (TSE)	Toulouse, France	3784	66
43	Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University	Evanston, Illinois (USA)	3697	29
44	Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco	San Francisco, California (USA)	3680	24
45	Economics Department, Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut (USA)	3652	25
46	Rimini Center for Economic Analysis (RCEA)	Rimini, Italy	3645	67
47	Walter A. Haas School of Business, University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, California (USA)	3636	15
48	Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit van Amsterdam	Amsterdam, Netherlands	3635	65
49	Department of Economics, University of Maryland	College Park, Maryland (USA)	3610	24
50	Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut (USA)	3598	15
51	Department of Economics, University of Toronto	Toronto, Canada	3516	52
52	Department of Economics, University of Warwick	Coventry, United Kingdom	3501	48
53	Department of Economics, Duke University	Durham, North Carolina (USA)	3441	29
(53)	Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE)	Toulouse, France	3327	24
54	Department of Economics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem	Jerusalem, Israel	3311	22
55	Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	3232	17
56	School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	3227	14
57	Economics Department, University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, Michigan (USA)	3139	30
58	Brookings Institution	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	3137	11
59	Department of Economics, Boston College	Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts (USA)	2970	32
60	Federal Reserve Bank of New York	New York City, New York (USA)	2932	37
61	Eitan Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University	Tel Aviv, Israel	2923	12
62	Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge	Cambridge, United Kingdom	2920	40
(62)	Economics Research, World Bank Group	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	2840	35
63	Department of Economics, Washington University	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	2832	17
(63)	Economic Research, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco	San Francisco, California (USA)	2811	19
64	DIW Berlin (Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)	Berlin, Germany	2794	105
(64)	Research Department, International Monetary Fund (IMF)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	2758	29
65	Tepper School of Business Administration, Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA)	2735	14
66	Department of Economics, University of California-Santa Barbara (UCSB)	Santa Barbara, California (USA)	2725	13
67	CentER for Economic Research, Universiteit van Tilburg (Katholieke Universiteit Brabant)	Tilburg, Netherlands	2708	77
68	Economics Department, Michigan State University	East Lansing, Michigan (USA)	2679	34
69	College of Business, Arizona State University	Tempe, Arizona (USA)	2678	14
(69)	Department of Finance, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University	Evanston, Illinois (USA)	2663	10
(69)	Finance Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	2656	21
70	Department of Economics, European University Institute	Firenze, Italy	2654	42
(70)	Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique (CREST), Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE), Government of France	Paris, France	2609	29
70	Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE), Government of France	Paris, France	2609	29
(71)	Department of Economics, College of Business, Arizona State University	Tempe, Arizona (USA)	2593	12
72	Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	2549	16
(72)	Center for International Development, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	2533	7
73	Economics Department, University of California-Davis	Davis, California (USA)	2510	25
74	Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	2484	6
75	Department of Economics, University of British Columbia	Vancouver, Canada	2467	22
76	Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic Economics (CHILD)	Torino, Italy	2378	51
77	Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques (OCDE)	Paris, France	2371	81
(77)	Economics Department, Stern School of Business, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	2362	13
78	Departamento de Economía, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid	Madrid, Spain	2261	71
79	Economics Department, Queen's University	Kingston, Canada	2251	43
80	European Centre for Advanced Research in Economics and Statistics (ECARES), Université Libre de Bruxelles	Bruxelles, Belgium	2245	32
81	Geary Institute, University College Dublin	Dublin, Ireland	2141	7
(81)	Economic Analysis & Policy Group (EAP), Walter A. Haas School of Business, University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, California (USA)	2128	6
(81)	ESRC Centre for the Microeconomic Analysis of Public Policy (CPP), Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)	London, United Kingdom	2104	7
82	Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Bedrijfskunde, Vrije Universiteit	Amsterdam, Netherlands	2101	53
83	Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakutät, Universität Zürich	Zürich, Switzerland	2092	32
84	Departament d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat Pompeu Fabra	Barcelona, Spain	2085	43
85	School of Economics, University of Nottingham	Nottingham, United Kingdom	2029	32
86	American Bar Foundation (ABF)	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	1963	3
87	Department of Economics, University of Southern California	Los Angeles, California (USA)	1935	11
88	Economics Department, Dartmouth College	Hanover, New Hampshire (USA)	1908	12
89	William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, Michigan (USA)	1896	23
90	Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University	Nashville, Tennessee (USA)	1860	23
91	Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis (CAMA)		1838	30
92	Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	1802	30
93	Economics Department, University of California-Santa Cruz (UCSC)	Santa Cruz, California (USA)	1769	13
(93)	Economic Research, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	1755	27
94	Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia	Vancouver, Canada	1728	16
(94)	Strategy and Business Economics Division, Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia	Vancouver, Canada	1721	13
(94)	Economic Studies, Brookings Institution	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	1708	5
95	Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros (CEMFI)	Madrid, Spain	1702	13
96	Institute for International Economic Studies (IIES), Stockholms Universitet	Stockholm, Sweden	1693	9
96	Centre de Recerca en Economia Internacional (CREI)	Barcelona, Spain	1693	9
98	Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE), Université Catholique de Louvain	Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium	1679	38
(98)	Finance Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	1673	4
(98)	Institut für Empirische Wirtschaftsforschung, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakutät, Universität Zürich	Zürich, Switzerland	1670	13
99	Sveriges Riksbank	Stockholm, Sweden	1669	20
100	Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Humboldt-Universität	Berlin, Germany	1645	65
(100)	Department of Economics, Tepper School of Business Administration, Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA)	1612	10
(100)	Finance Department, Stern School of Business, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	1610	7
101	Centre d'Économie de la Sorbonne, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris I)	Paris, France	1607	103
101	Economics Department, Georgetown University	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	1607	24
103	Nationalekonomiska Institutionen, Uppsala Universitet	Uppsala, Sweden	1603	43
104	United Nations University-Maastricht Economic Research Institute of Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT)	Maastricht, Netherlands	1594	36
105	Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität	München, Germany	1587	27
(105)	Finance Group, Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit van Amsterdam	Amsterdam, Netherlands	1563	6
106	Department of Economics, Cornell University	Ithaca, New York (USA)	1558	23
(106)	Economics Department, Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques (OCDE)	Paris, France	1558	39
107	Department of Economics, University of Colorado	Boulder, Colorado (USA)	1549	20
(107)	Research and Market Analysis Group, Federal Reserve Bank of New York	New York City, New York (USA)	1525	19
108	Faculty of Economics and Commerce, University of Melbourne	Melbourne, Australia	1505	48
109	RAND	Santa Monica, California (USA)	1489	17
(109)	Applied Economics Workshop, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	1471	5
(109)	Economic Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	1447	9
109	Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London	Egham, United Kingdom	1447	27
111	Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario	London, Canada	1441	26
112	Facoltà di Economia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata"	Roma, Italy	1431	46
113	Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York	York, United Kingdom	1412	24
(113)	Center for Business and Government, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	1396	3
114	Centro Studi di Economia e Finanza (CSEF)	Fisciano, Italy	1382	27
115	Banca d'Italia	Roma, Italy	1378	56
(115)	Sonderforschungsbereich 649: Ökonomisches Risiko, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Humboldt-Universität	Berlin, Germany	1376	40
116	Department of Economics, Johns Hopkins University	Baltimore, Maryland (USA)	1372	10
(116)	Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, University of Melbourne	Melbourne, Australia	1370	35
117	Groupement de Recherche en Économie Quantitative d'Aix-Marseille (GREQAM)	Marseille, France	1360	31
117	Department of Economics, University of Iowa	Iowa City, Iowa (USA)	1360	14
119	Olin School of Business, Washington University	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	1342	10
120	Department of Economics, University of Texas-Austin	Austin, Texas (USA)	1339	20
(120)	Research Program in Development Studies, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	1337	3
121	Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit Maastricht	Maastricht, Netherlands	1324	43
(121)	Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD), London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	1321	18
122	Economics Department, University of Essex	Colchester, United Kingdom	1320	28
123	École d'Économie de Paris	Paris, France	1318	36
123	Department of Economics, Ohio State University	Columbus, Ohio (USA)	1318	18
125	International Business School, Brandeis University	Waltham, Massachusetts (USA)	1299	14
125	Joseph L. Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto	Toronto, Canada	1299	17
127	Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna	Bologna, Italy	1275	47
128	Department of Economics, Pennsylvania State University	State College, Pennsylvania (USA)	1266	11
129	Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Économie Quantitative (CIREQ)	Montréal, Canada	1242	19
130	School of Management, Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut (USA)	1235	13
130	Banco de España	Madrid, Spain	1235	27
132	Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen, Erasmus Universiteit	Rotterdam, Netherlands	1228	55
(132)	Macroeconomics and Growth Research, World Bank Group	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	1227	3
133	School of Economics, University of Edinburgh	Edinburgh, United Kingdom	1225	21
134	Max-Planck-Institut für Ökonomik, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft	Jena, Germany	1219	47
(134)	Industrial Relations Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	1216	4
135	Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, Wisconsin (USA)	1213	9
136	School of Economics, Finance and Management, University of Bristol	Bristol, United Kingdom	1208	13
137	School of Industrial & Labor Relations, Cornell University	Ithaca, New York (USA)	1207	8
138	Department of Economics, Iowa State University	Ames, Iowa (USA)	1198	35
139	Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Analyse des Organisations (CIRANO)	Montréal, Canada	1186	28
140	Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland	Cleveland, Ohio (USA)	1181	13
141	Department of Economics, University of Virginia	Charlottesville, Virginia (USA)	1175	14
142	Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign	Urbana-Champaign, Illinois (USA)	1167	19
143	Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo	Tokyo, Japan	1162	18
(143)	Center for Economic Policy Studies, Department of Economics, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	1118	2
144	Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen, Universiteit van Tilburg (Katholieke Universiteit Brabant)	Tilburg, Netherlands	1116	45
145	College of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	1113	25
146	Department of Economics, Birkbeck College, University of London	London, United Kingdom	1108	15
147	London Business School (LBS), University of London	London, United Kingdom	1105	15
147	Istituto Einaudi per l'Economia e la Finanza (EIEF)	Roma, Italy	1105	7
149	Resources for the Future (RFF)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	1100	27
150	Department of Economics, University of California-Irvine	Irvine, California (USA)	1092	16
151	Business School, University of Auckland	Auckland, New Zealand	1091	11
(151)	Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), Department of Economics, Oxford University	Oxford, United Kingdom	1090	21
152	International Economics Section, Graduate Institute of International Studies (GIIS)	Genève, Switzerland	1089	17
153	Cambridge Finance, University of Cambridge	Cambridge, United Kingdom	1080	7
154	École des Hautes Études Commerciales (HEC), Université de Lausanne	Lausanne, Switzerland	1079	20
154	John E. Walker Department of Economics, Clemson University	Clemson, South Carolina (USA)	1079	16
156	Dipartimento di Economia Politica, Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi	Milano, Italy	1076	14
(156)	Foerder Institute for Economic Research, Eitan Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University	Tel Aviv, Israel	1076	3
157	Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung, Universität St. Gallen	Sankt Gallen, Switzerland	1074	33
158	Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California	Los Angeles, California (USA)	1068	11
159	Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	1066	6
160	Department of Economics, Tufts University	Medford, Massachusetts (USA)	1064	17
161	Department of Economics, University of Houston	Houston, Texas (USA)	1062	7
162	Wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Fachbereich, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität	Bonn, Germany	1060	27
163	Department of Economics, University of Washington	Seattle, Washington (USA)	1052	11
164	Department of Economics, Korea University	Seoul, South Korea	1051	12
164	Economics, University of Manchester	Manchester, United Kingdom	1051	22
166	Australian School of Business, University of New South Wales	Sydney, Australia	1048	26
167	Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA)	Los Angeles, California (USA)	1043	7
(167)	Department of Economics, Business School, University of Auckland	Auckland, New Zealand	1043	9
(167)	Department of Finance and Business Economics, Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California	Los Angeles, California (USA)	1041	9
168	Centro de Análisis y Estudios Ríos Pérez (CAERP)	Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain	1037	7
169	Institutet för Näringslivsforskning (IFN)	Stockholm, Sweden	1028	21
170	Department of Economics, McGill University	Montréal, Canada	1015	26
170	Arbetsmarknadsdepartementet, Government of Sweden	Stockholm, Sweden	1015	16
(170)	Institutet för Arbetsmarknadspolitisk Utvärdering (IFAU), Arbetsmarknadsdepartementet, Government of Sweden	Uppsala, Sweden	1015	16
172	Division of Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology	Pasadena, California (USA)	1007	15
(172)	Negotiations, Organizations and Markets Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	1007	3
173	Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics (IIE)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	997	6
174	Ross School of Business, University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, Michigan (USA)	994	11
175	Warrington College of Business, University of Florida	Gainesville, Florida (USA)	983	9
176	Department of Economics, Rutgers University-New Brunswick	New Brunswick, New Jersey (USA)	974	16
177	Fundación de Estudios de Economía Aplicada (FEDEA)	Madrid, Spain	969	21
(177)	Vakgroep Algemene Economie, Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit Maastricht	Maastricht, Netherlands	969	24
178	Fuqua School of Business, Duke University	Durham, North Carolina (USA)	968	9
179	Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond	Richmond, Virginia (USA)	966	10
180	Handelshögskolan i Stockholm	Stockholm, Sweden	962	32
(180)	International Economics Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	961	3
(180)	Financial Institutions Center, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	960	7
180	William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Rochester	Rochester, New York (USA)	960	6

Credits:

Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Technical University of Valencia, Spain.
Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
Author registration by Ivan Kumanov, Minsk, Belarus.
Institutions database and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann, University of Connecticut.
RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel, Long Island University.

We do our best, but we cannot exclude errors.