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Le rôle des institutions et des normes sociales dans la détermination des politiques économiques

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  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi

    (Département d'économie (ECON))

Abstract

Un certain nombre d’hypothèses — structurelles, institutionnelles, macroéconomiques — ont été avancées pour expliquer les différences de performance économique entre l’Europe et les États-Unis dans le dernier quart de siècle. Cet article fait retour sur le sujet, en l’abordant sous un angle différent, comme on contourne un problème pour tenter ensuite de mieux l’affronter. Ce ne sont pas les performances qu’il s’agit de comparer, mais l’action de gouvernements confrontés à des problèmes similaires. Comment comprendre, en effet, la différence systématique de stratégies macroéconomiques de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique ? Pourquoi les politiques macroéconomiques ont-elles été, depuis au moins deux décennies, si actives aux États-Unis et si passives en Europe ? Pourquoi les gouvernements européens acceptent-ils depuis si longtemps, avec une apparente résignation, un niveau de chômage aussi élevé et une croissance aussi « molle » ? Après avoir passé en revue les différentes réponses théoriques que j’ai moi-même avec d’autres auteurs tenté d’apporter à ces questions et évoqué les travaux qui les contredisaient, l’article tente de tester une nouvelle hypothèse : supposons, en effet, que les normes sociales aient changé « la révolution conservatrice », et que les nouvelles normes exigent un degré plus élevé d’inégalité dans la société ; alors les politiques macroéconomiques doivent être actives là où ce degré plus élevé d’inégalité a été atteint et passives là où il ne l’est pas encore, de manière à l’atteindre. L’article est structuré en quatre parties. La première démontre dans le cadre d’un modèle d’équilibre général qu’un plus grand consentement social aux inégalités conduit généralement au chômage et à une pression forte sur les systèmes de protection sociale là où ils existent. La seconde montre en quelle mesure ce changement affecte à son tour les politiques macroéconomiques, en les incitant à être structurellement restrictives. La troisième évoque l’hypothèse alternative des rigidités, et la possibilité d’une justification autonome des réformes structurelles. Enfin la quatrième partie montre, à partir d’un modèle d’Akerlof révisé pour la circonstance, comment au sein « du club européen », des considérations de réputation incitent à des comportements dits « vertueux », c’est-à-dire restrictifs.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi, 2007. "Le rôle des institutions et des normes sociales dans la détermination des politiques économiques," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/4003, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/4003
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pierre Dehez & Jean-Paul Fitoussi, 1997. "Revenu minimum, niveaux de qualification et échelles de salaires," Post-Print hal-03573481, HAL.
    2. Jean-Paul Fitoussi & Francesco Saraceno, 2002. "A Theory of Social Custom of Which Soft Growth May Be One Consequence. Tales of the European Stability Pact," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-01065024, HAL.
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    4. Jean-Paul Fitoussi & David Jestaz & Edmund S. Phelps & Gylfi Zoega, 2000. "Roots of the Recent Recoveries: Labor Reforms or Private Sector Forces?," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 31(1), pages 237-311.
    5. Pierre Dehez & Jean-Paul Fitoussi, 1996. "Revenu minimum, allocations-chômage et subventions à l'emploi," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 47(1), pages 33-49.
    6. George A. Akerlof, 1980. "A Theory of Social Custom, of which Unemployment may be One Consequence," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 94(4), pages 749-775.
    7. George A. Akerlof, 2007. "The Missing Motivation in Macroeconomics," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 97(1), pages 5-36, March.
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    9. Richard Freeman, 2005. "Labour market institutions without blinders: The debate over flexibility and labour market performance," International Economic Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(2), pages 129-145.
    10. Fitoussi, Jean-Paul, 1994. "Wage Distribution and Unemployment: The French Experience," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 84(2), pages 59-64, May.
    11. Edmund Phelps & Jean-Paul Fitoussi, 1988. "The slump in Europe : reconstructing open economy theory," Post-Print hal-03393283, HAL.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Politique monétaire; Politique budgétaire; Choix sociaux; Protection sociale; Modèles d’équilibre général; Théorie macroéconomique; Clubs; Institutions;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D50 - Microeconomics - - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium - - - General
    • E12 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models - - - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian; Modern Monetary Theory
    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
    • E61 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
    • E65 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
    • H55 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Social Security and Public Pensions

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