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La croissance espagnole est-elle soutenable ?

Author

Listed:
  • Sabine Le Bayon

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

Abstract

Depuis le milieu des années 1990, et contrairement aux craintes d’un certain nombre de pays européens plus avancés, l’Espagne a fait figure d’excellent élève au sein de l’Union européenne : sa croissance a été très forte, l’assainissement des finances publiques a été remarquable et le taux de chômage a entamé une décrue durable. Cette performance a été en grande partie fondée sur une conjonction exceptionnelle de facteurs favorables (montée en puissance des fonds structurels, baisse importante des taux d’intérêt) et s’est principalement appuyée sur la construction et des services peu productifs. Le rattrapage espagnol a reposé sur l’emploi et sur le renforcement de la spécialisation de l’économie dans des secteurs à faible valeur ajoutée, la productivité du travail s’éloignant au contraire du niveau moyen européen. L’Espagne a donc de moins en moins pu compter sur la faiblesse de ses coûts, qui était à la base de son attractivité et de son développement, du fait d’une inflation toujours plus élevée que celle de ses principaux partenaires européens. De plus, la concurrence des pays de l’Est s’est révélée de plus en vive. De ce fait, le solde extérieur n’a cessé de se creuser depuis la fin des années 1990. Cet article vise à présenter le mode de croissance qui a émergé en Espagne depuis le milieu des années 1990 et à rendre compte de ses succès et de ses limites. Il en ressort que la croissance actuelle, tant au niveau de sa composition que de son ampleur, n’est pas soutenable à moyen terme, puisqu’elle est basée sur des facteurs favorables qui ne se renouvelleront pas et qu’elle a conduit à des déséquilibres croissants (forte hausse de la dette des ménages, surévaluation des prix immobiliers, déficit courant record). Ceci implique qu’un rattrapage en termes de productivité est désormais indispensable pour que la convergence espagnole vers l’Union européenne se poursuive.

Suggested Citation

  • Sabine Le Bayon, 2006. "La croissance espagnole est-elle soutenable ?," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/2822, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/2822
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Croissance espagnole; Finances publiques; Taux de chômage;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E2 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
    • O52 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Europe

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