Climate-resilient food systems for nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa: innovations in sustainable agriculture and policy for vulnerable populations

Background Climate change significantly threatens food and nutrition security, particularly among vulnerable populations in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although innovations in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) and policy interventions show promise, evidence linking these approaches to nutrition outcomes remains fragmented. This review synthesizes evidence on how climate-resilient agricultural innovations and supportive policy frameworks enhance food and nutrition security among smallholder farmers, women, and children. Methods A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature (2013—2024) was conducted using Web of Science and Google Scholar. Inclusion followed PICOS with an a priori geographic restriction to SSA. Twenty-two empirical studies meeting eligibility criteria were included. Data extraction focused on interventions, populations, outcomes, enablers/barriers, and nutrition-related impacts, followed by a narrative synthesis. Results CSA practices such as conservation agriculture, agroecology, crop diversification, and small-scale irrigation consistently improved dietary diversity, household food security, and economic resilience. Policy instruments like seed subsidies and nutrition-sensitive agriculture programs amplified outcomes when implemented through gender-responsive, multi-sectoral strategies. However, success was moderated by structural inequalities, resource access, and weak policy coherence. Regional differences were notable, with stronger impacts reported in West Africa. Conclusion Integrated, gender-inclusive, and climate-resilient food system approaches are pivotal for advancing SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 13 (Climate Action) in SSA. Future research must prioritize longitudinal, nutrition-sensitive evaluations across underrepresented populations and geographies.