Enhancing Learner Engagement and Retention in STEM MOOCS Through Interactive 3D Simulations Developed in Game Engines

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in STEM fields continue to face low engagement and completion rates, often below 15% in open/free formats despite platform growth and innovations. This study examines the integration of interactive 3D simulations built with Unreal Engine and Unity into STEM MOOCs to boost learner engagement and retention. A prototype virtual physics laboratory was developed using Unreal Engine and Unity, incorporating real-time physics, Niagara visual effects, Blueprint scripting, and features for experiments such as projectile motion and circuit simulations. The module was deployed in a Coursera-style MOOC platform with 248 participants (control group: traditional video lectures, n=124; experimental group: 3D interactive group, n=124). Quantitative results indicated a 42% increase in average module completion rate (from 38% to 80%) and a 31% improvement in post-test scores in the experimental group. Engagement metrics (time-on-task, interaction logs) increased by 57%. Qualitative feedback emphasized enhanced immersion and reduced cognitive load. Findings demonstrate that game engines like Unreal Engine and Unity provide scalable, cost-effective tools for experiential learning in online STEM education. Limitations include device compatibility, bandwidth demands, and lack of long-term retention data. Future directions should prioritize long-term follow-up studies, optimization/cloud-based streaming for accessibility, multi-user VR/AR extensions, cost-benefit analyses, and broader demographic sampling.