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Crowding in or crowding out? How non-governmental organizations and media influence intrinsic motivations toward corporate social and environmental responsibility

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  • Johan Graafland
  • Frank G. A. de Bakker

Abstract

Motivation crowding theory examines how external intervention may undermine intrinsic motivation. Earlier research has shown that intrinsic motivation plays a decisive role in fostering environmental performance of households and consumers, but that external pressures may “crowd out” the intrinsic motivations. Similar patterns could be expected in business organizations. However, only a few studies consider crowding effects of financial incentives on businesses’ intrinsic motivation to environmental responsibility, whereas none addresses the impact of external pressures from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and media, despite their prominent role. This study aims to address this gap by offering a mediation framework explaining how pressures from NGOs and media affect intrinsic motivation. Empirically, the paper adds to the scant empirical research by estimating a model on a sample of 4,364 enterprises from twelve European countries. We find that NGOs and media pressures increase financial benefits from environmental responsibility, which in turn crowd in intrinsic motivation in enterprises.

Suggested Citation

  • Johan Graafland & Frank G. A. de Bakker, 2021. "Crowding in or crowding out? How non-governmental organizations and media influence intrinsic motivations toward corporate social and environmental responsibility," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 64(13), pages 2386-2409, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jenpmg:v:64:y:2021:i:13:p:2386-2409
    DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2021.1873110
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    Cited by:

    1. Andries Richter & Stijn Reinhard, 2023. "How does less public spending affect the motivation of citizens to contribute to nature conservation?," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 75(4), pages 1093-1104.
    2. Alice Falchi & Gilles Grolleau & Naoufel Mzoughi, 2022. "Why companies might under‐communicate their efforts for sustainable development and what can be done?," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(5), pages 1938-1946, July.
    3. Jiajia Meng & Xuedong Wang & Jialu Yang, 2023. "Supply Chain Finance and Industrial Efficiency: Evidence From ICT Industry," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, December.

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