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Migration to Urban and Rural Destinations in Post-Soviet Estonia: A Multilevel Event-History Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Hill Kulu

    (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany)

  • Francesco C Billari

    (Institute of Quantitative Methods and IGIER-Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research, Bocconi University, viale Isonzo 25, I-20135 Milan, Italy)

Abstract

Researchers are divided on the trends and causes of internal migration in postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe. Theories run in opposite directions: some scholars argue that increasing similarities with Western market economies are explaining the migration processes, whereas others claim that specific developments during the postsocialist socioeconomic restructuring are playing a major role. In this paper we contribute to the existing discussion by providing an analysis of personal and contextual determinants of migration to urban and rural destinations in post-Soviet Estonia. We base our study on the data of the Estonian Labour Force Survey from 1995. Our research population consists of 8480 people aged 15 years to 68 years in early 1989. We analyze the intensity of urban-bound and rural-bound migration from January 1989 to December 1994, using the techniques of multilevel event-history analysis. We show that personal characteristics (age, marital status, employment status, education, and ethnicity) and contextual factors (unemployment level and the share of ethnic minorities) are both important in shaping the intensity of migration to urban and rural destinations in post-Soviet Estonia. Although the differences in migration behaviour by demographic characteristics in Estonia are in line with universalistic explanations, the regionally varying effect of socioeconomic status on migration is specific to developments in postsocialist countries, as a result of general economic hardship during the socioeconomic transition.

Suggested Citation

  • Hill Kulu & Francesco C Billari, 2006. "Migration to Urban and Rural Destinations in Post-Soviet Estonia: A Multilevel Event-History Analysis," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 38(4), pages 749-764, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:envira:v:38:y:2006:i:4:p:749-764
    DOI: 10.1068/a37367
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hill Kulu, 2004. "Determinants of Residence and Migration in the Soviet Union after World War 2: The Immigrant Population in Estonia," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 36(2), pages 305-325, February.
    2. Ira N. Gang & Robert C. Stuart, 1999. "Mobility where mobility is illegal: Internal migration and city growth in the Soviet Union," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 12(1), pages 117-134.
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    Cited by:

    1. Magdalena M. Muszynska & Hill Kulu, 2006. "Migration and union dissolution in a changing socio-economic context: the case of Russia," MPIDR Working Papers WP-2006-032, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
    2. Hill Kulu & Nadja Milewski, 2007. "Family change and migration in the life course," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 17(19), pages 567-590.
    3. Ramon Reimets & Evelyn Uuemaa & Tõnu Oja & Eveli Sisas & �lo Mander, 2015. "Urbanisation-related Landscape Change in Space and Time along Spatial Gradients near Roads: A Case Study from Estonia," Landscape Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(2), pages 192-207, February.
    4. Hill Kulu, 2008. "Fertility and Spatial Mobility in the Life Course: Evidence from Austria," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 40(3), pages 632-652, March.
    5. Belit Saka, 2012. "Internal Migration of Ethnic Minorities: Evidence from Western Germany," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 495, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    6. Zaiga Krisjane & Maris Berzins, 2012. "Post-socialist Urban Trends: New Patterns and Motivations for Migration in the Suburban Areas of RÄ«ga, Latvia," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 49(2), pages 289-306, February.
    7. M.Anne Visser & Sheryl-Ann Simpson, 2019. "Determinants of county migrant regularization policymaking in the United States: Understanding temporal and spatial realities," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 51(1), pages 91-111, February.
    8. Libang Ma & Meimei Chen & Xinglong Che & Fang Fang, 2019. "Farmers’ Rural-To-Urban Migration, Influencing Factors and Development Framework: A Case Study of Sihe Village of Gansu, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-19, March.
    9. Anneli Kährik & Tiit Tammaru, 2008. "Population Composition in New Suburban Settlements of the Tallinn Metropolitan Area," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 45(5-6), pages 1055-1078, May.

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