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Experimental tests of the tolerated theft and risk-reduction theories of resource exchange

Author

Listed:
  • Hillard S. Kaplan

    (Chapman University)

  • Eric Schniter

    (Chapman University)

  • Vernon L. Smith

    (Chapman University
    Chapman University)

  • Bart J. Wilson

    (Chapman University
    Chapman University)

Abstract

Here we report the results of an experiment that tests the reciprocal risk reduction 1 and ‘tolerated theft’ or taking hypotheses 2 for why the human species is unique in having extensive exchange of resources among non-kin. We designed an experiment to determine whether, in response to variance of resource acquisition, people exchange food resources via taking or, alternatively, form reciprocal relationships based on giving. In the experiment, subjects forage individually, experience variation in resource acquisition, and then consume either by actions in which resources are taken from, or moved to, others in a group environment. The key feature of the experimental design is that individuals can transfer resources to others, attempt to take resources from others and defend against take-away attempts. Many subjects begin by attempting to take resources from others, who can resist those attempts at a cost to each. Over time, subjects shift to a cooperative strategy of voluntary reciprocal giving, a response not suggested by the instructions. These results provide evidence that people are independently able to overcome initial use of taking strategies, evaluate gains from exchange, and create endogenous reciprocal trading relationships as a response to unsynchronized variance in resource availability.

Suggested Citation

  • Hillard S. Kaplan & Eric Schniter & Vernon L. Smith & Bart J. Wilson, 2018. "Experimental tests of the tolerated theft and risk-reduction theories of resource exchange," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 2(6), pages 383-388, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:nathum:v:2:y:2018:i:6:d:10.1038_s41562-018-0356-x
    DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0356-x
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    Cited by:

    1. Choudhury, Kangkan Dev & Aydinyan, Tigran, 2023. "Stochastic replicator dynamics: A theoretical analysis and an experimental assessment," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 851-865.
    2. Matthew J. Baker & Kurtis J. Swope, 2021. "Sharing, gift-giving, and optimal resource use in hunter-gatherer society," Economics of Governance, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 119-138, June.
    3. Schniter, E. & Shields, T.W. & Sznycer, D., 2020. "Trust in humans and robots: Economically similar but emotionally different," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).

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