The European Parliament’s shifting perspectives on climate justice with regard to China and India

Justice and responsibility are central notions shaping the international climate negotiations. However, countries have different perspectives on how to translate these concepts into solutions for climate change. In this process, actors such as the European Union (EU) play a central role, by trying to persuade other large greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters to take on their (historical) responsibilities and by supporting developing countries. At the same time, China and India have become central actors in international climate negotiations. Due to their rapid economic growth and rising GHG emissions, their climate action is crucial for achieving global goals, while their historical emissions are very different from those of Western countries. To shed light on the EU’s perspective on climate justice, and the particular role of China and India therein, this article analyses Members of European Parliament’s (MEPs) narratives in plenary debates on foreign climate policy between 1996 and 2019. MEPs’ views contribute to shaping the EU’s position on the topic, but also provide useful insights into the political dynamics of the debate. The paper finds that climate justice is mentioned in less than half of the MEPs’ speeches, but that its salience increased over time and became more diverse in terms of different dimensions of climate justice. We also uncover that MEPs’ positions on China and India evolved with the rise in their emissions, becoming increasingly critical over time. However, there is a significant variance amongst political groups’ positions, between those on the right and the left end of the political spectrum.