IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v208y2019i1p23-42.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Large-dimensional factor modeling based on high-frequency observations

Author

Listed:
  • Pelger, Markus

Abstract

This paper develops a statistical theory to estimate an unknown factor structure based on financial high-frequency data. We derive an estimator for the number of factors and consistent and asymptotically mixed-normal estimators of the loadings and factors under the assumption of a large number of cross-sectional and high-frequency observations. The estimation approach can separate factors for continuous and rare jump risk. The estimators for the loadings and factors are based on the principal component analysis of the quadratic covariation matrix. The estimator for the number of factors uses a perturbed eigenvalue ratio statistic. In an empirical analysis of the S&P 500 firms we estimate four stable continuous systematic factors, which can be approximated very well by a market and industry portfolios. Jump factors are different from the continuous factors.

Suggested Citation

  • Pelger, Markus, 2019. "Large-dimensional factor modeling based on high-frequency observations," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 208(1), pages 23-42.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:econom:v:208:y:2019:i:1:p:23-42
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2018.09.004
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407618301696
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jeconom.2018.09.004?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. repec:hal:journl:peer-00815564 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Andersen T. G & Bollerslev T. & Diebold F. X & Labys P., 2001. "The Distribution of Realized Exchange Rate Volatility," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 96, pages 42-55, March.
    3. Christensen, Kim & Oomen, Roel C.A. & Podolskij, Mark, 2014. "Fact or friction: Jumps at ultra high frequency," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(3), pages 576-599.
    4. Jianqing Fan & Yuan Liao & Martina Mincheva, 2013. "Large covariance estimation by thresholding principal orthogonal complements," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 75(4), pages 603-680, September.
    5. Jushan Bai & Serena Ng, 2002. "Determining the Number of Factors in Approximate Factor Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 70(1), pages 191-221, January.
    6. Stephen A. Ross, 2013. "The Arbitrage Theory of Capital Asset Pricing," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Leonard C MacLean & William T Ziemba (ed.), HANDBOOK OF THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING Part I, chapter 1, pages 11-30, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    7. Podolskij, Mark & Vetter, Mathias, 2009. "Bipower-type estimation in a noisy diffusion setting," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 119(9), pages 2803-2831, September.
    8. Markus Pelger & Ruoxuan Xiong, 2022. "State-Varying Factor Models of Large Dimensions," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(3), pages 1315-1333, June.
    9. Torben G. Andersen & Luca Benzoni & Jesper Lund, 2002. "An Empirical Investigation of Continuous‐Time Equity Return Models," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(3), pages 1239-1284, June.
    10. Barndorff-Nielsen, Ole E. & Hansen, Peter Reinhard & Lunde, Asger & Shephard, Neil, 2011. "Multivariate realised kernels: Consistent positive semi-definite estimators of the covariation of equity prices with noise and non-synchronous trading," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 162(2), pages 149-169, June.
    11. Jacod, Jean & Li, Yingying & Mykland, Per A. & Podolskij, Mark & Vetter, Mathias, 2009. "Microstructure noise in the continuous case: The pre-averaging approach," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 119(7), pages 2249-2276, July.
    12. Chamberlain, Gary, 1988. "Asset Pricing in Multiperiod Securities Markets," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 56(6), pages 1283-1300, November.
    13. Zhang, Lan & Mykland, Per A. & Ait-Sahalia, Yacine, 2005. "A Tale of Two Time Scales: Determining Integrated Volatility With Noisy High-Frequency Data," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 100, pages 1394-1411, December.
    14. Darrell Duffie & Jun Pan & Kenneth Singleton, 2000. "Transform Analysis and Asset Pricing for Affine Jump-Diffusions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 68(6), pages 1343-1376, November.
    15. Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen & Peter Reinhard Hansen & Asger Lunde & Neil Shephard, 2008. "Designing Realized Kernels to Measure the ex post Variation of Equity Prices in the Presence of Noise," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 76(6), pages 1481-1536, November.
    16. Seung C. Ahn & Alex R. Horenstein, 2013. "Eigenvalue Ratio Test for the Number of Factors," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 81(3), pages 1203-1227, May.
    17. Zhang, Lan, 2011. "Estimating covariation: Epps effect, microstructure noise," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 160(1), pages 33-47, January.
    18. Tao, Minjing & Wang, Yazhen & Chen, Xiaohong, 2013. "Fast Convergence Rates In Estimating Large Volatility Matrices Using High-Frequency Financial Data," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 29(4), pages 838-856, August.
    19. Xiu, Dacheng, 2010. "Quasi-maximum likelihood estimation of volatility with high frequency data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 159(1), pages 235-250, November.
    20. Ole E. Barndorff‐Nielsen & Neil Shephard, 2002. "Econometric analysis of realized volatility and its use in estimating stochastic volatility models," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 64(2), pages 253-280, May.
    21. Amengual, Dante & Watson, Mark W., 2007. "Consistent Estimation of the Number of Dynamic Factors in a Large N and T Panel," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 25, pages 91-96, January.
    22. Kapetanios, George, 2010. "A Testing Procedure for Determining the Number of Factors in Approximate Factor Models With Large Datasets," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 28(3), pages 397-409.
    23. Todorov, Viktor & Bollerslev, Tim, 2010. "Jumps and betas: A new framework for disentangling and estimating systematic risks," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 157(2), pages 220-235, August.
    24. Yacine Aït-Sahalia & Jean Jacod, 2014. "High-Frequency Financial Econometrics," Economics Books, Princeton University Press, edition 1, number 10261.
    25. Aït-Sahalia, Yacine & Fan, Jianqing & Xiu, Dacheng, 2010. "High-Frequency Covariance Estimates With Noisy and Asynchronous Financial Data," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 105(492), pages 1504-1517.
    26. Jushan Bai, 2003. "Inferential Theory for Factor Models of Large Dimensions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 71(1), pages 135-171, January.
    27. Bollerslev, Tim & Todorov, Viktor & Li, Sophia Zhengzi, 2013. "Jump tails, extreme dependencies, and the distribution of stock returns," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 172(2), pages 307-324.
    28. Jacod, Jean, 2008. "Asymptotic properties of realized power variations and related functionals of semimartingales," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 118(4), pages 517-559, April.
    29. Bollerslev, Tim & Li, Sophia Zhengzi & Todorov, Viktor, 2016. "Roughing up beta: Continuous versus discontinuous betas and the cross section of expected stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(3), pages 464-490.
    30. Bai, Jushan & Ng, Serena, 2006. "Evaluating latent and observed factors in macroeconomics and finance," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 131(1-2), pages 507-537.
    31. Chamberlain, Gary & Rothschild, Michael, 1983. "Arbitrage, Factor Structure, and Mean-Variance Analysis on Large Asset Markets," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 51(5), pages 1281-1304, September.
    32. Cecilia Mancini, 2009. "Non‐parametric Threshold Estimation for Models with Stochastic Diffusion Coefficient and Jumps," Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Danish Society for Theoretical Statistics;Finnish Statistical Society;Norwegian Statistical Association;Swedish Statistical Association, vol. 36(2), pages 270-296, June.
    33. Alexei Onatski, 2010. "Determining the Number of Factors from Empirical Distribution of Eigenvalues," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 92(4), pages 1004-1016, November.
    34. Tibor F. Liska, 2007. "The Liska model," Society and Economy, Akadémiai Kiadó, Hungary, vol. 29(3), pages 363-381, December.
    35. Suzanne S. Lee & Per A. Mykland, 2008. "Jumps in Financial Markets: A New Nonparametric Test and Jump Dynamics," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 21(6), pages 2535-2563, November.
    36. Hansen, Peter R. & Lunde, Asger, 2006. "Realized Variance and Market Microstructure Noise," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 24, pages 127-161, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Dai, Chaoxing & Lu, Kun & Xiu, Dacheng, 2019. "Knowing factors or factor loadings, or neither? Evaluating estimators of large covariance matrices with noisy and asynchronous data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 208(1), pages 43-79.
    2. Markus Pelger, 2020. "Understanding Systematic Risk: A High‐Frequency Approach," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 75(4), pages 2179-2220, August.
    3. Aït-Sahalia, Yacine & Xiu, Dacheng, 2017. "Using principal component analysis to estimate a high dimensional factor model with high-frequency data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 201(2), pages 384-399.
    4. Shephard, Neil & Xiu, Dacheng, 2017. "Econometric analysis of multivariate realised QML: Estimation of the covariation of equity prices under asynchronous trading," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 201(1), pages 19-42.
    5. Fan, Jianqing & Kim, Donggyu, 2019. "Structured volatility matrix estimation for non-synchronized high-frequency financial data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 209(1), pages 61-78.
    6. Bollerslev, Tim & Meddahi, Nour & Nyawa, Serge, 2019. "High-dimensional multivariate realized volatility estimation," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 212(1), pages 116-136.
    7. Shin, Minseok & Kim, Donggyu & Fan, Jianqing, 2023. "Adaptive robust large volatility matrix estimation based on high-frequency financial data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 237(1).
    8. Li, Yifan & Nolte, Ingmar & Vasios, Michalis & Voev, Valeri & Xu, Qi, 2022. "Weighted Least Squares Realized Covariation Estimation," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    9. Mykland, Per A. & Zhang, Lan, 2016. "Between data cleaning and inference: Pre-averaging and robust estimators of the efficient price," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 194(2), pages 242-262.
    10. Liu, Zhi & Kong, Xin-Bing & Jing, Bing-Yi, 2018. "Estimating the integrated volatility using high-frequency data with zero durations," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 204(1), pages 18-32.
    11. Kim Christensen & Ulrich Hounyo & Mark Podolskij, 2017. "Is the diurnal pattern sufficient to explain the intraday variation in volatility? A nonparametric assessment," CREATES Research Papers 2017-30, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University.
    12. Ilze Kalnina, 2023. "Inference for Nonparametric High-Frequency Estimators with an Application to Time Variation in Betas," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(2), pages 538-549, April.
    13. Christensen, Kim & Thyrsgaard, Martin & Veliyev, Bezirgen, 2019. "The realized empirical distribution function of stochastic variance with application to goodness-of-fit testing," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 212(2), pages 556-583.
    14. Bu, Ruijun & Hizmeri, Rodrigo & Izzeldin, Marwan & Murphy, Anthony & Tsionas, Mike, 2023. "The contribution of jump signs and activity to forecasting stock price volatility," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 144-164.
    15. Hounyo, Ulrich, 2017. "Bootstrapping integrated covariance matrix estimators in noisy jump–diffusion models with non-synchronous trading," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 197(1), pages 130-152.
    16. Liu, Lily Y. & Patton, Andrew J. & Sheppard, Kevin, 2015. "Does anything beat 5-minute RV? A comparison of realized measures across multiple asset classes," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 187(1), pages 293-311.
    17. Kim, Donggyu & Kong, Xin-Bing & Li, Cui-Xia & Wang, Yazhen, 2018. "Adaptive thresholding for large volatility matrix estimation based on high-frequency financial data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 203(1), pages 69-79.
    18. Vladimír Holý & Petra Tomanová, 2023. "Streaming Approach to Quadratic Covariation Estimation Using Financial Ultra-High-Frequency Data," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 62(1), pages 463-485, June.
    19. Aït-Sahalia, Yacine & Xiu, Dacheng, 2016. "Increased correlation among asset classes: Are volatility or jumps to blame, or both?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 194(2), pages 205-219.
    20. Neil Shephard & Dacheng Xiu, 2012. "Econometric analysis of multivariate realised QML: efficient positive semi-definite estimators of the covariation of equity prices," Economics Series Working Papers 604, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Systematic risk; High-dimensional data; High-frequency data; Latent factor model; PCA; Jumps; Semimartingales; Approximate factor model; Number of factors;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C14 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
    • C38 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Classification Methdos; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Analysis
    • C55 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
    • C58 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Financial Econometrics

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:econom:v:208:y:2019:i:1:p:23-42. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jeconom .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.