Economic Institution Rankings at IDEAS

This file is part of IDEAS, which uses RePEc data

Top 5% Economic Institutions, as of July 2007

Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors, Discounted by Citation Age

Only authors registered with the RePEc Author Service are considered.
Only works listed on RePEc and claimed as theirs by registered authors are counted.
Citations are determined from references of listed works. Both the cited and citing works have to be listed in RePEc. See CitEc for details on the citation extraction.
Each citation is weighted by its recursive discounted impact factor.
Different versions of the same work published in different series or journals are counted only once, the version with the highest impact factor being considered.
The score of each work is divided by the number of authors.
Self-Citations are excluded.
Each citation is discounted by its age in years (1/age).
Authors are attributed equally and fully to each institution they claimed to be affiliated with.
Only institutions listed in EDIRC are counted.
Authors affiliated with subentities of institutions listed in EDIRC are also counted in the latter.
Subentities of ranked institutions do not increment the rank count and have their rank listed in parentheses

This ranking is based on 3341 institutions with 13762 registered authors.

Same ranking by individual authors or countries and states. All institution rankings. More rankings.

The data presented here is experimental. It is based on a limited sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Rank	Institution	Location	Score	Authors
1	National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	2773.79	273
2	Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)	London, United Kingdom	1016.13	227
3	Department of Economics, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	816.05	39
4	Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)	Bonn, Germany	692.23	338
5	Department of Economics, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	529.25	42
6	Department of Economics, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	356.29	23
7	Department of Economics, University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, California (USA)	326.89	33
8	Department of Economics, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	314.78	34
9	Economics Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	306.71	28
10	Hoover Institution on War Revolution & Peace, Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	269.77	12
11	Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	267.86	31
12	London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	258.3	111
13	Department of Economics, Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	221.99	30
14	Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	208.55	31
15	Department of Economics, School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	203.17	31
16	Graduate School of Business, Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	195.04	29
17	International Monetary Fund (IMF)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	188.83	145
18	Department of Economics, University of California-San Diego (UCSD)	La Jolla, California (USA)	180.64	30
19	Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis	Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA)	179.44	15
20	Federal Reserve Board (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	177.32	46
21	Department of Economics, Northwestern University	Evanston, Illinois (USA)	174.69	19
(21)	Finance & Economics Department, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	169.06	17
22	CESifo	München, Germany	165.51	83
23	Department of Economics, Boston University	Boston, Massachusetts (USA)	155.5	36
24	Department of Economics, Oxford University	Oxford, United Kingdom	152.6	102
(24)	Economics Department, London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	141.99	41
25	Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	141.06	12
(25)	Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	140.06	34
26	Department of Economics, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA)	Los Angeles, California (USA)	138.62	25
(26)	Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis	Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA)	137.58	11
27	Harvard Business School, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	137.44	16
28	Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	128.86	28
29	Economics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, Wisconsin (USA)	128.8	21
30	Cowles Foundation for Economic Research, Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut (USA)	128.24	14
31	Economics Department, Brown University	Providence, Rhode Island (USA)	127.96	30
32	Graduate School of Business, Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	119.93	19
33	World Bank Group	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	119.19	121
34	Department of Economics, University of Minnesota	Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA)	114.73	13
35	Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	109.53	7
36	Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	102.87	37
37	Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco	San Francisco, California (USA)	102.39	24
38	College of Business, Arizona State University	Tempe, Arizona (USA)	101.71	13
39	Paris-Jourdan Sciences Économiques (PSE), École Normale Supérieure	Paris, France	101.59	55
(39)	Department of Economics, College of Business, Arizona State University	Tempe, Arizona (USA)	100.54	11
40	Stern School of Business, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	98.11	30
41	Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research (IGIER), Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi	Milano, Italy	97.46	30
42	Walter A. Haas School of Business, University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, California (USA)	96.94	15
43	Economics Department, Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut (USA)	94.61	21
44	Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University	Evanston, Illinois (USA)	94.13	27
45	Department of Economics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem	Jerusalem, Israel	93.69	23
46	Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)	London, United Kingdom	93.6	30
47	Tepper School of Business Administration, Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA)	90.85	13
48	Economics Group, Nuffield College, Oxford University	Oxford, United Kingdom	87.73	28
49	Department of Economics, Duke University	Durham, North Carolina (USA)	86.36	27
50	Department of Economics, University of Maryland	College Park, Maryland (USA)	85.86	21
51	Faculté des Sciences Économiques, Université des Sciences Sociales (Toulouse I)	Toulouse, France	85.12	24
(51)	Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Faculté des Sciences Économiques, Université des Sciences Sociales (Toulouse I)	Toulouse, France	85.12	23
52	Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	83.52	17
53	Economics Department, University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, Michigan (USA)	81.47	27
54	Department of Economics, Boston College	Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts (USA)	81.44	33
55	American Bar Foundation (ABF)	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	81.34	3
(55)	Center for International Development, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	81.14	5
56	Centre de Recerca en Economia Internacional (CREI)	Barcelona, Spain	81.03	8
(56)	Economic Research, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco	San Francisco, California (USA)	79.74	19
57	Department of Economics, University College London, University of London	London, United Kingdom	78.37	35
58	Brookings Institution	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	78	11
59	Geary Institute, University College Dublin	Dublin, Ireland	77.01	6
(59)	Finance Department, Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	76.81	16
60	Department of Economics, University of Toronto	Toronto, Canada	76.81	51
61	Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	75.38	15
62	School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), Columbia University	New York City, New York (USA)	73.91	14
63	Federal Reserve Bank of New York	New York City, New York (USA)	73.45	35
(63)	Department of Finance, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University	Evanston, Illinois (USA)	72.47	9
64	Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit van Amsterdam	Amsterdam, Netherlands	69.85	60
65	Department of Economics, University of California-Santa Barbara (UCSB)	Santa Barbara, California (USA)	68.29	11
66	Tinbergen Instituut	Amsterdam, Netherlands	67.37	48
67	Department of Economics, University of Warwick	Coventry, United Kingdom	67.16	36
68	Eitan Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University	Tel Aviv, Israel	66.94	10
69	Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakutät, Universität Zürich	Zürich, Switzerland	66.58	28
(69)	Economic Analysis & Policy Group (EAP), Walter A. Haas School of Business, University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, California (USA)	66.28	6
70	European Central Bank	Frankfurt am Main, Germany	65.89	63
(70)	Department of Economics, Tepper School of Business Administration, Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA)	65.66	9
71	Economics Department, University of California-Davis	Davis, California (USA)	65.16	22
(71)	Finance Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	64.93	4
72	Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge	Cambridge, United Kingdom	62.19	41
(72)	Institut für Empirische Wirtschaftsforschung, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakutät, Universität Zürich	Zürich, Switzerland	60.53	11
(72)	Economic Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	60.01	9
(72)	Stanford Center for International Development (SCID), Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford University	Palo Alto, California (USA)	59.87	1
73	Department of Economics, Washington University	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	57.27	15
(73)	Economics Department, Stern School of Business, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	54.77	14
74	Department of Economics, University of British Columbia	Vancouver, Canada	51.51	22
75	Economics Department, Dartmouth College	Hanover, New Hampshire (USA)	50.91	10
76	Institute for International Economic Studies (IIES), Stockholms Universitet	Stockholm, Sweden	50.65	8
77	Economics Department, Michigan State University	East Lansing, Michigan (USA)	47.91	36
78	European Centre for Advanced Research in Economics and Statistics (ECARES), Université Libre de Bruxelles	Bruxelles, Belgium	46.45	27
79	Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	46.38	30
(79)	Economic Studies, Brookings Institution	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	46.07	5
(79)	Research Department, International Monetary Fund (IMF)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	46.01	28
(79)	Economic Research, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	45.64	27
80	Department of Economics, Johns Hopkins University	Baltimore, Maryland (USA)	44.63	9
(80)	Economics Research, World Bank Group	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	44.56	33
(80)	Industrial Relations Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	42.85	5
81	Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University	Nashville, Tennessee (USA)	42.39	21
(81)	Finance Group, Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit van Amsterdam	Amsterdam, Netherlands	41.88	6
(81)	Research Program in Development Studies, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	41.73	2
(81)	International Economics Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	41.12	3
82	Economics Department, Georgetown University	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	40.74	24
(82)	Center for Business and Government, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	40.54	3
83	Economics Department, University of California-Santa Cruz (UCSC)	Santa Cruz, California (USA)	40.5	9
84	Departament d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat Pompeu Fabra	Barcelona, Spain	40.35	43
85	Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond	Richmond, Virginia (USA)	38.92	11
86	Department of Economics, University of Texas-Austin	Austin, Texas (USA)	37.94	19
(86)	Finance Department, Stern School of Business, New York University	New York City, New York (USA)	37.35	6
87	Department of Economics, University of Colorado	Boulder, Colorado (USA)	36.53	19
88	Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität	München, Germany	36.52	29
89	William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, Michigan (USA)	35.83	23
90	DIW Berlin (Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)	Berlin, Germany	35.44	104
91	Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros (CEMFI)	Madrid, Spain	35.33	13
92	Institute for International Integration Studies (IIIS), Trinity College, University of Dublin	Dublin, Ireland	35.14	16
(92)	Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique (CREST), Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE), Government of France	Paris, France	35	27
93	Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE), Government of France	Paris, France	35	27
94	CentER for Economic Research, Universiteit van Tilburg (Katholieke Universiteit Brabant)	Tilburg, Netherlands	34.96	25
(94)	Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP), Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	34.84	1
(94)	George J. Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	34.84	1
(94)	Bendheim Center for Finance, Department of Economics, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	34.6	4
95	Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York	York, United Kingdom	34.28	24
96	Department of Economics, European University Institute	Firenze, Italy	34.07	39
(96)	Applied Economics Workshop, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	33.88	5
(96)	Research and Market Analysis Group, Federal Reserve Bank of New York	New York City, New York (USA)	33.25	17
97	International Business School, Brandeis University	Waltham, Massachusetts (USA)	33.05	14
98	Department of Economics, Trinity College, University of Dublin	Dublin, Ireland	33.01	13
(98)	Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond	Richmond, Virginia (USA)	32.88	8
99	Olin School of Business, Washington University	St. Louis, Missouri (USA)	32.86	10
100	RAND	Santa Monica, California (USA)	32.82	15
(100)	Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD), London School of Economics (LSE), University of London	London, United Kingdom	32.5	15
101	Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia	Vancouver, Canada	32.25	14
102	Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic Economics (CHILD)	Torino, Italy	32.06	49
(102)	Strategy and Business Economics Division, Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia	Vancouver, Canada	32	13
103	Fuqua School of Business, Duke University	Durham, North Carolina (USA)	31.69	8
(103)	Macroeconomic and Quantitative Studies Section, Federal Reserve Board (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System)	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	31.33	8
104	Business School, University of Auckland	Auckland, New Zealand	31.28	10
105	Central Bank of Cyprus	Nicosia, Cyprus	30.72	2
(105)	Department of Economics, Business School, University of Auckland	Auckland, New Zealand	30.57	8
106	Department of Economics, University of Southern California	Los Angeles, California (USA)	30.5	7
107	Department of Economics, Cornell University	Ithaca, New York (USA)	30.21	20
108	Economics Department, Queen's University	Kingston, Canada	30.06	38
109	Federal Reserve Bank of Boston	Boston, Massachusetts (USA)	29.83	15
110	Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA)	Basel/Zürich, Switzerland	29.77	5
(110)	Business, Government and the International Economy (BGIE) Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	29.58	3
111	Centro Studi di Economia e Finanza (CSEF)	Fisciano, Italy	29.55	24
(111)	Negotiations, Organizations and Markets Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	29.46	2
(111)	Foerder Institute for Economic Research, Eitan Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University	Tel Aviv, Israel	29.19	3
112	Joseph L. Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto	Toronto, Canada	28.96	17
113	Department of Economics, Ohio State University	Columbus, Ohio (USA)	28.03	16
114	Nationalekonomiska Institutionen, Uppsala Universitet	Uppsala, Sweden	27.36	38
115	Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Humboldt-Universität	Berlin, Germany	27.35	64
116	Centre d'Économie de la Sorbonne, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris I)	Paris, France	26.18	94
117	School of Social Science, Institute for Advanced Study	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	26.11	2
118	Department of Economics, Pennsylvania State University	State College, Pennsylvania (USA)	26.1	10
119	Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College	Hanover, New Hampshire (USA)	25.86	1
120	Swiss Finance Institute	Genève/Zürich, Switzerland	25.76	7
121	Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario	London, Canada	25.74	24
122	School of Economics, University of Nottingham	Nottingham, United Kingdom	25.59	25
(122)	Macroeconomics and Growth Research, World Bank Group	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	25.52	3
123	William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Rochester	Rochester, New York (USA)	25.48	6
124	Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA)	Los Angeles, California (USA)	25.3	6
125	School of Economics, University of Edinburgh	Edinburgh, United Kingdom	25.27	13
126	School of Public Policy, University of Maryland	College Park, Maryland (USA)	24.9	2
127	Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign	Urbana-Champaign, Illinois (USA)	24.66	19
128	Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo	Tokyo, Japan	24.6	12
(128)	Finance Area, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University	Durham, North Carolina (USA)	24.45	4
129	Department of Economics, Korea University	Seoul, South Korea	24.39	11
130	Center for Basic Research in the Social Sciences, Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA)	24.12	3
(130)	Sonderforschungsbereich 649: Ökonomisches Risiko, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Humboldt-Universität	Berlin, Germany	24.05	40
131	Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland	Cleveland, Ohio (USA)	23.69	12
(131)	Economic Research, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston	Boston, Massachusetts (USA)	23.58	11
132	Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche en Économie Quantitative (CIREQ)	Montréal, Canada	23.48	20
133	Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California	Los Angeles, California (USA)	23.24	8
(133)	Department of Finance and Business Economics, Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California	Los Angeles, California (USA)	23.23	7
134	Department of Economics, Birkbeck College, University of London	London, United Kingdom	23.23	15
135	School of Management, Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut (USA)	23.21	12
136	École des Hautes Études Commerciales (HEC), Université de Lausanne	Lausanne, Switzerland	23.19	19
(136)	Center for Economic Policy Studies, Department of Economics, Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey (USA)	23.13	2
137	John E. Walker Department of Economics, Clemson University	Clemson, South Carolina (USA)	22.97	9
138	Institute for Policy Research (IPR), Northwestern University	Evanston, Illinois (USA)	22.97	1
139	Warrington College of Business, University of Florida	Gainesville, Florida (USA)	22.91	9
140	Department of Economics, Graduate School, City University of New York	New York City, New York (USA)	22.48	12
141	Dipartimento di Economia, Università degli Studi di Napoli - "Federico II"	Napoli, Italy	22.16	9
142	Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung, Universität St. Gallen	Sankt Gallen, Switzerland	22.07	29
143	Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques (OCDE)	Paris, France	22.02	74
144	Banca d'Italia	Roma, Italy	22.02	51
145	Department of Economics, University of California-Irvine	Irvine, California (USA)	21.68	13
146	Ross School of Business, University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, Michigan (USA)	21.57	12
147	Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, Wisconsin (USA)	21.28	9
148	Department of Economics, University of Iowa	Iowa City, Iowa (USA)	20.98	14
149	Department of Economics, Royal Holloway, University of London	Egham, United Kingdom	20.94	27
(149)	Départment d'économétrie et d'économie politique (DEEP), École des Hautes Études Commerciales (HEC), Université de Lausanne	Lausanne, Switzerland	20.77	9
150	United Nations University-Maastricht Economic Research Institute of Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT)		20.54	33
151	Department of Economics, George Washington University	Washington, District of Columbia (USA)	20.29	16
152	École d'Économie de Paris	Paris, France	20.13	26
153	Fisher College of Business, Ohio State University	Columbus, Ohio (USA)	20.09	3
154	International Economics Section, Graduate Institute of International Studies (GIIS)	Genève, Switzerland	19.91	15
155	Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	19.83	9
(155)	Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)	19.83	9
(155)	Business Economics, Joseph L. Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto	Toronto, Canada	19.8	8
156	London Business School (LBS), University of London	London, United Kingdom	19.77	14
157	Department of Economics, Simon Fraser University	Burnaby, Canada	19.56	27
(157)	Global Economics & Management Group, Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA)	Los Angeles, California (USA)	19.53	2
158	Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Bedrijfskunde, Vrije Universiteit	Amsterdam, Netherlands	19.5	46
159	Cambridge Finance, University of Cambridge	Cambridge, United Kingdom	19.45	8
160	Department of Economics, University of Houston	Houston, Texas (USA)	19.42	7
161	Economics Department, University of Rochester	Rochester, New York (USA)	19.38	9
162	Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago	Chicago, Illinois (USA)	19.31	5
163	Department of Economics, Rutgers University-New Brunswick	New Brunswick, New Jersey (USA)	19.29	15
164	Department of Economics, University of Virginia	Charlottesville, Virginia (USA)	19.28	13
165	Carol Martin Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky	Lexington, Kentucky (USA)	19.2	10
166	Institut Européen d'Administration (INSEAD)	Fontainebleau, France	19.13	13
167	Institutet för Näringslivsforskning (IFN)	Stockholm, Sweden	19.1	18
168	Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit Gent	Gent, Belgium	19.08	19

Credits:

Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Technical University of Valencia, Spain.
Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
Author registration by Ivan Kumanov, Minsk, Belarus.
Institutions database and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann, University of Connecticut.
RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel, Long Island University.

We do our best, but we cannot exclude errors.