Content
July 2021, Volume 58, Issue 4
- 794-808 Arms for education? External support and rebel social services
by Reyko Huang & Patricia L Sullivan - 809-825 Organized violence 1989–2020, with a special emphasis on Syria
by Therése Pettersson & Shawn Davies & Amber Deniz & Garoun Engström & Nanar Hawach & Stina Högbladh & Margareta Sollenberg & Magnus Öberg - 826-838 Introducing the new CPOST dataset on suicide attacks
by Robert A Pape & Alejandro Albanez Rivas & Alexandra C Chinchilla - 839-848 Political life after civil wars: Introducing the Civil War Successor Party dataset
by Sarah Zukerman Daly - 849-858 Frozen conflicts in world politics: A new dataset
by Kamil Christoph Klosek & VojtÄ›ch Bahenský & Michal Smetana & Jan LudvÃk - 859-869 Cooperation under autonomy: Building and analyzing the Informal Intergovernmental Organizations 2.0 dataset
by Felicity Vabulas & Duncan Snidal - 870-880 Purging militaries: Introducing the Military Purges in Dictatorships (MPD) dataset
by Jun Koga Sudduth - 881-881 Erratum: Carrots and sticks: Experimental evidence of vote buying and voter intimidation in Guatemala
by N/A
May 2021, Volume 58, Issue 3
- 329-341 The ethics of ethnographic methods in conflict zones
by Jana Krause - 342-354 Ethics of archival research on political violence
by Jelena Subotić - 355-367 A test of the democratic peacekeeping hypothesis: Coups, democracy, and foreign military deployments
by Jamie Levin & Joseph MacKay & Anne Spencer Jamison & Abouzar Nasirzadeh & Anthony Sealey - 368-383 Peacekeeping and development in fragile states: Micro-level evidence from Liberia
by Eric Mvukiyehe & Cyrus Samii - 384-398 An interactive model of democratic peace
by David Altman & Federico Rojas-de-Galarreta & Francisco Urdinez - 399-416 Mobilizing memories: The social conditions of the long-term impact of victimization
by Francisco Villamil - 417-432 Explaining public support for violence against politicians during conflict: Evidence from a panel study in Israel
by Julia Elad-Strenger & Brian J Hall & Stevan E Hobfoll & Daphna Canetti - 433-448 Gendered preferences: How women’s inclusion in society shapes negotiation occurrence in intrastate conflicts
by Robert Ulrich Nagel - 449-461 Can women benefit from war? Women’s agency in conflict and post-conflict societies
by Punam Yadav - 462-478 United Nations endorsement and support for human rights: An experiment on women’s rights in Pakistan
by Gulnaz Anjum & Adam Chilton & Zahid Usman - 479-493 For better or worse: Shaming, faming, and human rights abuse
by Sara Kahn-Nisser - 494-509 Compliance without coercion: Effects of reporting on international labor rights
by Faradj Koliev & Thomas Sommerer & Jonas Tallberg - 510-522 Simulation analysis on the effectiveness of missile defense
by Jaehak Kim & Woosang Kim - 523-538 The impact of terrorism on international mergers and acquisitions: Evidence from firm-level decisions
by Babet Hogetoorn & Michiel Gerritse - 539-553 What’s going on next door? Irregular leader change in neighboring countries, uncertainty, and civil war
by Casper Sakstrup - 554-567 Making disorder more manageable: The short-term effectiveness of local mediation in Darfur
by Allard Duursma - 568-582 Pathways to water conflict during drought in the MENA region
by Tobias Ide & Miguel Rodriguez Lopez & Christiane Fröhlich & Jürgen Scheffran - 583-598 Determinants of political purges in autocracies: Evidence from ancient Chinese dynasties
by Stan Hok-Wui Wong & Kelvin Chun-Man Chan - 599-611 ViEWS2020: Revising and evaluating the ViEWS political Violence Early-Warning System
by Håvard Hegre & Curtis Bell & Michael Colaresi & Mihai Croicu & Frederick Hoyles & Remco Jansen & Maxine Ria Leis & Angelica Lindqvist-McGowan & David Randahl & Espen Geelmuyden Rød & Paola Vesco - 612-620 How very massive atrocities end: A dataset and typology
by Bridget Conley & Chad Hazlett
March 2021, Volume 58, Issue 2
- 197-197 The Nils Petter Gleditsch JPR article of the Year Award, 2020, goes to Jana Krause
by N/A - 198-198 The JPR Best Visualization Award 2020 goes to Therese Anders
by N/A - 199-214 Riots and resources: How food access affects collective violence
by Alison Heslin - 215-230 Food price increase and urban unrest: The role of societal organizations
by Ida Rudolfsen - 231-247 Talks before the talks: Effects of pre-negotiation on reaching peace agreements in intrastate armed conflicts, 2005–15
by Lindsey Doyle & Lukas Hegele - 248-262 Why share? An analysis of the sources of post-conflict power-sharing
by William G Nomikos - 263-278 A security dividend: Peacekeeping and maternal health outcomes and access
by Theodora-Ismene Gizelis & Xun Cao - 279-293 Parties to an alliance: Ideology and the domestic politics of international institutionalization
by Aaron Rapport & Brian Rathbun - 294-303 Interstate War Battle dataset (1823–2003)
by Eric Min - 304-314 The Peaceful Resolution of Territorial Disputes dataset, 1945–2015
by Krista E Wiegand & Emilia Justyna Powell & Steven McDowell - 315-325 Mapping coercive institutions: The State Security Forces dataset, 1960–2010
by Erica De Bruin
January 2021, Volume 58, Issue 1
- 3-17 Security implications of climate change: A decade of scientific progress
by Nina von Uexkull & Halvard Buhaug - 18-32 Environmental migrants and social-movement participation
by Vally Koubi & Quynh Nguyen & Gabriele Spilker & Tobias Böhmelt - 33-49 Natural hazards, internal migration and protests in Bangladesh
by Kristina Petrova - 50-66 Human security of urban migrant populations affected by length of residence and environmental hazards
by W Neil Adger & Ricardo Safra de Campos & Tasneem Siddiqui & Maria Franco Gavonel & Lucy Szaboova & Mahmudol Hassan Rocky & Mohammad Rashed Alam Bhuiyan & Tamim Billah - 67-82 Food and water insecurity as causes of social unrest: Evidence from geolocated Twitter data
by Ore Koren & Benjamin E Bagozzi & Thomas S Benson - 83-97 First comes the river, then comes the conflict? A qualitative comparative analysis of flood-related political unrest
by Tobias Ide & Anders Kristensen & Henrikas BartuseviÄ ius - 98-113 Climate variability, crop and conflict: Exploring the impacts of spatial concentration in agricultural production
by Paola Vesco & Matija Kovacic & Malcolm Mistry & Mihai Croicu - 114-131 Weather, wheat, and war: Security implications of climate variability for conflict in Syria
by Andrew M Linke & Brett Ruether - 132-150 Climate bones of contention: How climate variability influences territorial, maritime, and river interstate conflicts
by Cody J Schmidt & Bomi K Lee & Sara McLaughlin Mitchell - 151-167 Climate and cohesion: The effects of droughts on intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic trust
by Alexander De Juan & Niklas Hänze - 168-176 Science–policy dimensions of research on climate change and conflict
by Katharine J Mach & Caroline M Kraan - 177-185 This time is different! Or is it? NeoMalthusians and environmental optimists in the age of climate change
by Nils Petter Gleditsch - 186-194 Beyond internal conflict: The emergent practice of climate security
by Joshua W Busby
November 2020, Volume 57, Issue 6
- 669-678 Innovations in concepts and measurement for the study of peace and conflict
by Christopher J Fariss & James Lo - 679-691 What states want: Estimating ideal points from international investment treaty content
by Florencia Montal & Carly Potz-Nielsen & Jane Lawrence Sumner - 692-700 How and how much does expert error matter? Implications for quantitative peace research
by Kyle L Marquardt - 701-714 Territorial control in civil wars: Theory and measurement using machine learning
by Therese Anders - 715-727 Using practitioner surveys to measure human rights: The Human Rights Measurement Initiative’s civil and political rights metrics
by K Chad Clay & Ryan Bakker & Anne-Marie Brook & Daniel W Hill Jr & Amanda Murdie - 728-739 A latent variable approach to measuring wartime sexual violence
by Jule Krüger & Ragnhild Nordås - 740-751 Is the NPT unraveling? Evidence from text analysis of review conference statements
by Miriam Barnum & James Lo - 752-763 Terrorism and internet censorship
by Stephen A Meserve & Daniel Pemstein - 764-776 Hot under the collar: A latent measure of interstate hostility
by Zhanna Terechshenko - 777-788 Measuring institutional variation across American Indian constitutions using automated content analysis
by Rebecca Cordell & Kristian Skrede Gleditsch & Florian G Kern & Laura Saavedra-Lux - 789-800 Continuous recognition: A latent variable approach to measuring international sovereignty of self-determination movements
by R Joseph Huddleston - 801-814 Estimating one-sided-killings from a robust measurement model of human rights
by Christopher J Fariss & Michael R Kenwick & Kevin Reuning
September 2020, Volume 57, Issue 5
- 617-631 Peace for our time? Examining the effect of power-sharing on postwar rebellions
by Martin Ottmann - 632-647 International support networks and the calculus of uprising
by Jaime A Jackson & Belgin San-Akca & Zeev Maoz - 648-657 Overlapping international human rights institutions: Introducing the Women’s Rights Recommendations Digital Database (WR2D2)
by Jillienne Haglund & Courtney Hillebrecht - 658-665 Action or inaction: United Nations Security Council activity, 1994–2013
by Susan Hannah Allen & Amy T Yuen
July 2020, Volume 57, Issue 4
- 507-520 Some left to tell the tale: Finding perpetrators and understanding violence in Rwanda
by Cyanne E Loyle & Christian Davenport - 521-535 Trust in the aftermath of genocide: Insights from Rwandan life histories
by Bert Ingelaere & Marijke Verpoorten - 536-550 Wartime ties and the social logic of crime
by Sarah Zukerman Daly & Laura Paler & Cyrus Samii - 551-563 Bargaining under polarization: The case of the Colombian armed conflict
by Sigifredo Laengle & Gino Loyola & David Tobón-Orozco - 564-580 Transnational terrorism and restrictive immigration policies
by Marc Helbling & Daniel Meierrieks - 581-596 Defending core values: Human rights and the extradition of fugitives
by Asif Efrat & Abraham L Newman - 597-613 Organized violence, 1989–2019
by Therése Pettersson & Magnus Öberg
May 2020, Volume 57, Issue 3
- 377-390 Rainfall shocks and intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa
by Sara Cools & Martin Flatø & Andreas Kotsadam - 391-405 Mobilizing civilians into high-risk forms of violent collective action
by Vera Mironova & Sam Whitt - 406-421 Territorial disputes and individual willingness to fight
by Nam Kyu Kim - 422-436 The conditional effect of audiences on credibility
by Matthew Hauenstein - 437-451 The logic of transnational outbidding: Pledging allegiance and the escalation of violence
by Megan Farrell - 452-465 To condone, condemn, or ‘no comment’? Explaining a patron’s reaction to a client’s unilateral provocations
by Jeehye Kim & Jiyoung Ko - 466-481 Negotiating justice: Ceasefires, peace agreements, and post-conflict justice
by Joseph M Cox - 482-491 Introducing the Strategies of Resistance Data Project
by Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham & Marianne Dahl & Anne Frugé - 492-503 Tracking organizations in the world: The Correlates of War IGO Version 3.0 datasets
by Jon CW Pevehouse & Timothy Nordstrom & Roseanne W McManus & Anne Spencer Jamison
March 2020, Volume 57, Issue 2
- 219-219 The Nils Petter Gleditsch JPR Article of the Year Award, 2019, goes to Emily Kalah Gade, Mohammed M Hafez & Michael Gabbay
by N/A - 220-220 The JPR Best Visualization Award 2019 goes to Stijn van Weezel
by N/A - 221-234 Statistical sightings of better angels: Analysing the distribution of battle-deaths in interstate conflict over time
by Céline Cunen & Nils Lid Hjort & Håvard Mokleiv Nygård - 235-250 The quality of terrorist violence: Explaining the logic of terrorist target choice
by Sara MT Polo - 251-264 Does cultural proximity contain terrorism diffusion?
by Tobias Böhmelt & Vincenzo Bove - 265-280 Temperatures, food riots, and adaptation: A long-term historical analysis of England
by Alexander De Juan & Tim Wegenast - 281-296 The hunger games: Food prices, ethnic cleavages and nonviolent unrest in Africa
by Luke Abbs - 297-311 Negotiating peacekeeping consent: Information and peace outcomes
by Amy Yuen - 312-328 Buying blue helmets: The role of foreign aid in the construction of UN peacekeeping missions
by Andrew Boutton & Vito D’Orazio - 329-343 Police integration and support for anti-government violence in divided societies: Evidence from Iraq
by Matthew Nanes - 344-359 Crimea come what may: Do economic sanctions backfire politically?
by Mikhail A Alexseev & Henry E Hale - 360-370 Mapping blue helmets: Introducing the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset
by Deniz Cil & Hanne Fjelde & Lisa Hultman & Desirée Nilsson - 371-373 2019 Reviewers
by N/A
January 2020, Volume 57, Issue 1
- 3-14 Electoral violence: An introduction
by Sarah Birch & Ursula Daxecker & Kristine Höglund - 15-29 Dangerously informed: Voter information and pre-electoral violence in Africa
by Inken von Borzyskowski & Patrick M Kuhn - 30-45 Raising the stakes: Land titling and electoral stability in Kenya
by Kathleen Klaus - 46-61 Carrots and sticks: Experimental evidence of vote-buying and voter intimidation in Guatemala
by Ezequiel Gonzalez-Ocantos & Chad Kiewiet de Jonge & Carlos Meléndez & David Nickerson & Javier Osorio - 62-76 Who dissents? Self-efficacy and opposition action after state-sponsored election violence
by Lauren E Young - 77-92 Does electoral violence affect vote choice and willingness to vote? Conjoint analysis of a vignette experiment
by Roxana Gutiérrez-Romero & Adrienne LeBas - 93-110 Pre-election violence and territorial control: Political dominance and subnational election violence in polarized African electoral systems
by Michael Wahman & Edward Goldring - 111-125 Electoral violence and the legacy of authoritarian rule in Kenya and Zambia
by Johan Brosché & Hanne Fjelde & Kristine Höglund - 126-139 The effect of alternation in power on electoral intimidation in democratizing regimes
by Rubén Ruiz-Rufino & Sarah Birch - 140-155 Political party strength and electoral violence
by Hanne Fjelde - 156-170 Unequal votes, unequal violence: Malapportionment and election violence in India
by Ursula Daxecker - 171-184 Patterned pogroms: Patronage networks as infrastructure for electoral violence in India and Indonesia
by Ward Berenschot - 185-198 Restrained or constrained? Elections, communal conflicts, and variation in sexual violence
by Jana Krause - 199-216 Mitigating election violence locally: UN peacekeepers’ election-education campaigns in Côte d’Ivoire
by Hannah Smidt
November 2019, Volume 56, Issue 6
- 737-752 Framing and fighting: The impact of conflict frames on political attitudes
by Daphna Canetti & Ibrahim Khatib & Aviad Rubin & Carly Wayne - 753-766 Who follows whom? A coincidence analysis of military action, public opinion and threats
by Tim Haesebrouck - 767-782 Risk tolerance during conflict: Evidence from Aleppo, Syria
by Vera Mironova & Loubna Mrie & Sam Whitt - 783-796 Time is of the essence: The causal effect of duration on support for war
by Ali Sanaei - 797-811 Will there be blood? Explaining violence during coups d’état
by Erica De Bruin - 812-826 International politics by other means: External sources of civil war
by Mark Toukan - 827-844 Peace agreement design and public support for peace: Evidence from Colombia
by Juan Fernando Tellez - 845-859 Moving forward? How war experiences, interethnic attitudes, and intergroup forgiveness affect the prospects for political tolerance in postwar Sri Lanka
by Sara Kijewski & Carolin Rapp - 860-875 Long-lasting consequences of war on disability
by Michael Palmer & Cuong Viet Nguyen & Sophie Mitra & Daniel Mont & Nora Ellen Groce
January 2019, Volume 56, Issue 1
- 3-3 The Nils Petter Gleditsch JPR Article of the Year Award, 2018, goes to Daniel Karell and Sebastian Schutte
by N/A - 4-4 The JPR Best Visualization Award 2018 goes to Carl Müller-Crepon and Philipp Hunziker
by N/A - 5-11 Refugees, forced migration, and conflict: Introduction to the special issue
by Alex Braithwaite & Idean Salehyan & Burcu Savun - 12-27 Motivation and opportunity for conflict-induced migration: An analysis of Syrian migration timing
by Justin Schon - 28-41 Civilian resettlement patterns in civil war
by Abbey Steele - 42-57 Refugees, ethnic power relations, and civil conflict in the country of asylum
by Seraina Rüegger - 58-72 Camp settlement and communal conflict in sub-Saharan Africa
by Kerstin Fisk - 73-87 Blame the victims? Refugees, state capacity, and non-state actor violence
by Tobias Böhmelt & Vincenzo Bove & Kristian Skrede Gleditsch - 88-102 From protection to persecution: Threat environment and refugee scapegoating
by Burcu Savun & Christian Gineste - 103-117 A persuasive peace: Syrian refugees’ attitudes towards compromise and civil war termination
by Kristin Fabbe & Chad Hazlett & Tolga Sınmazdemir - 118-133 Violence, displacement, contact, and attitudes toward hosting refugees
by Faten Ghosn & Alex Braithwaite & Tiffany S Chu - 134-145 Introducing POSVAR: A dataset on refugee-related violence
by Christian Gineste & Burcu Savun - 146-151 Conclusion: What academia can contribute to refugee policy
by Idean Salehyan
November 2018, Volume 55, Issue 6
- 711-725 Aid, exclusion, and the local dynamics of insurgency in Afghanistan
by Daniel Karell & Sebastian Schutte - 726-741 Peacekeeping for profit? The scope and limits of ‘mercenary’ UN peacekeeping
by Katharina P Coleman & Benjamin Nyblade - 742-758 Better peacekeepers, better protection? Troop quality of United Nations peace operations and violence against civilians
by Felix Haass & Nadine Ansorg - 759-773 Fighting the Hydra
by Mitchell Radtke & Hyeran Jo - 774-786 The case for courts
by Jacqueline M Sievert - 787-809 Breaking state impunity in post-authoritarian regimes
by Guillermo Trejo & Juan AlbarracÃn & LucÃa Tiscornia - 810-824 IDP resettlement and collective targeting during civil wars
by Abbey Steele
September 2018, Volume 55, Issue 5
- 551-565 The rise of rebel contenders
by Hanne Fjelde & Desirée Nilsson - 566-581 Organized criminal violence and territorial control
by Louis-Alexandre Berg & Marlon Carranza - 582-595 Repressing for reputation
by Amanda A Licht & Susan Hannah Allen - 596-608 Leader survival and purges after a failed coup d’état
by Malcolm R Easton & Randolph M Siverson - 609-624 Trust in the executive
by Thomas Clark Durant & Michael Weintraub & Daniel Houser & Shuwen Li - 625-640 Revisiting democratic civil peace
by Henrikas BartuseviÄ ius & Svend-Erik Skaaning - 641-655 Going underground
by Margherita Belgioioso - 656-670 Trade and terrorism
by Subhayu Bandyopadhyay & Todd Sandler & Javed Younas - 671-686 Reputation, concessions, and territorial civil war
by Nils-Christian Bormann & Burcu Savun - 687-698 New spatial data on ethnicity
by Carl Müller-Crepon & Philipp Hunziker - 699-707 Funding rebellion
by James Igoe Walsh & Justin M Conrad & Beth Elise Whitaker & Katelin M Hudak
July 2018, Volume 55, Issue 4
- 415-429 Which groups fight? Customary institutions and communal conflicts in Africa
by Tore Wig & Daniela Kromrey - 430-444 The build-up of coercive capacities
by Oliver Pamp & Lukas Rudolph & Paul W Thurner & Andreas Mehltretter & Simon Primus - 445-459 Domestic uncertainty, third-party resolve, and international conflict
by Matthew DiLorenzo & Bryan Rooney - 460-475 International agreement design and the moderating role of domestic bureaucratic quality
by Johannes Karreth & Jaroslav Tir - 476-490 Interstate rivalry, genocide, and politicide
by Gary Uzonyi - 491-507 Refugees, xenophobia, and domestic conflict
by Anna Getmansky & Tolga Sınmazdemir & Thomas Zeitzoff - 508-523 Backdoor peacekeeping
by Magnus Lundgren - 524-534 Days of rage
by Erica Chenoweth & Jonathan Pinckney & Orion Lewis - 535-547 Organized violence, 1989–2017
by Therése Pettersson & Kristine Eck
May 2018, Volume 55, Issue 3
- 1-2 Erratum
by N/A - 289-304 Minorities and mistrust
by Elisabeth King & Cyrus Samii - 305-319 Repression and refuge
by Stefan Lindemann & Andreas Wimmer - 320-335 Media technology, covert action, and the politics of exposure
by Michael F Joseph & Michael Poznansky - 336-350 Weakened by the storm
by Colin Walch - 351-365 Does environmental peacemaking between states work? Insights on cooperative environmental agreements and reconciliation in international rivalries
by Tobias Ide - 366-379 Rallying the troops
by Timothy JA Passmore & Megan Shannon & Andrew F Hart - 380-394 Where, when, and how does the UN work to prevent civil war in self-determination disputes?
by Peter B White & David E Cunningham & Kyle Beardsley - 395-403 Girl soldiering in rebel groups, 1989–2013
by Roos Haer & Tobias Böhmelt - 404-412 UN targeted sanctions datasets (1991–2013)
by Thomas J Biersteker & Sue E Eckert & Marcos Tourinho & Zuzana Hudáková
March 2018, Volume 55, Issue 2
- 135-135 The Nils Petter Gleditsch JPR Article of the Year Award, 2017, goes to Kentaro Hirose, Kosuke Imai and Jason Lyall
by N/A - 136-136 The JPR Best Visualization Award 2017 goes to Michael Colaresi and Zuhaib Mahmood
by N/A - 137-146 New findings from conflict archives
by Laia Balcells & Christopher M Sullivan - 147-160 The origins of policing institutions
by Kristine Eck - 161-174 Uneven accountability in the wake of political violence
by Mai Hassan & Thomas O’Mealia - 175-189 Resistance is mobile
by Christopher M Sullivan & Christian Davenport - 190-205 Measuring the landscape of civil war
by Rex W Douglass & Kristen A Harkness - 206-221 Ideology and state terror
by Adam Scharpf - 222-235 What drives violence against civilians in civil war? Evidence from Guatemala’s conflict archives
by Rachel A Schwartz & Scott Straus - 236-251 Dynamics of internal resettlement during civil war
by Laia Balcells - 252-266 Disappearing dissent? Repression and state consolidation in Mexico
by Javier Osorio & Livia I Schubiger & Michael Weintraub - 267-283 Stalin’s terror and the long-term political effects of mass repression
by Yuri M Zhukov & Roya Talibova - 284-286 2017 Reviewers
by N/A
January 2018, Volume 55, Issue 1
- 1-1 Corrigendum
by N/A - 2-2 Corrigendum
by N/A - 3-3 Corrigendum
by N/A - 3-17 Torture and the limits of democratic institutions
by Courtenay R Conrad & Daniel W Hill Jr & Will H Moore - 18-31 Varieties of civil war and mass killing
by Daniel Krcmaric - 32-46 Maps of mayhem
by Jesse Hammond - 47-61 The impact of criminal prosecutions during intrastate conflict
by Geoff Dancy & Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm - 62-77 Brothers or others in arms? Civilian constituencies and rebel fragmentation in civil war
by Eric S Mosinger - 78-93 Power, proximity, and democracy
by Jonathan N Markowitz & Christopher J Fariss - 94-106 Causal beliefs and war termination
by Marco Nilsson - 107-121 Truly reconciled? A dyadic analysis of post-conflict social reintegration in Northern Uganda
by Matthew Osborne & Ben D’Exelle & Arjan Verschoor - 122-131 Introducing the UCDP Peacemakers at Risk dataset, sub-Saharan Africa, 1989–2009
by Sara Lindberg Bromley
November 2017, Volume 54, Issue 6
- 733-747 Gender differences in support for direct and indirect political aggression in the context of protracted conflict
by Lihi Ben Shitrit & Julia Elad-Strenger & Sivan Hirsch-Hoefler - 748-761 Honor and political violence
by Elin Bjarnegård & Karen Brounéus & Erik Melander - 762-776 How (wo)men rebel
by Susanne Schaftenaar