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Legitimationskonzepte jenseits des Nationalstaats

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  • Scharpf, Fritz W.

Abstract

Legitimationsbedürftig ist herrschaftliches Handeln, das die Präferenzen oder Interessen der Betroffenen verletzt. In demokratischen politischen Systemen kann solches Handeln entweder inputorientiert durch Bezug auf die kollektiven Präferenzen oder output-orientiert durch Bezug auf die gemeinsamen Interessen der Regierten legitimiert werden. Im Nationalstaat ergänzen und verstärken sich beide Arten von Argumenten; und beide finden ihre Grundlage in politischen Institutionen, welche die direkte oder indirekte Abhängigkeit der Regierenden von den Regierten sichern, effektives politisches Handeln ermöglichen und den Mißbrauch der Regierungsmacht verhindern sollen. Jenseits des Nationalstaats fehlen nicht nur wesentliche institutionelle Voraussetzungen der inputorientierten Legitimation, sondern es fehlt auch die Voraussetzung einer starken kollektiven Identität, die erst die Ausbildung kollektiver Präferenzen ermöglicht, die auch unfreiwillige Umverteilung und zugemutete Sonderopfer legitimieren könnten. Die dann allein verfügbare Output-Legitimation ist jedoch in ihrer Reichweite begrenzt. Sie kann nicht die Verletzung gravierender Interessen der Regierten rechtfertigen. In der Europäischen Union ist die Beachtung dieser normativen Beschränkung zwar durch die Veto-Struktur ihrer "politischen" Institutionen gewährleistet. Wenn hier dennoch Legitimationsdefizite auftreten können, dann deshalb, weil anders als im Nationalstaat in der EU das unmittelbar rechtswirksame Handeln der "unpolitischen" Institutionen (der Europäischen Zentralbank, des Europäischen Gerichtshofs und der EU-Kommission bei Vertragsverletzungsverfahren) nicht der letztlichen Kontrolle politisch verantwortlicher Instanzen unterliegt. Außerhalb der EU fehlt dem Regieren auf der internationalen Ebene die unmittelbare Rechtswirksamkeit. Die Legitimationsgrundlage der Zustimmung der (ihren Wählern gegenüber politisch verantwortlichen) nationalen Regierungen bleibt also unangetastet. Anders als in der EU können hier internationale Umverteilung und solidarisches Handeln nicht durch supranationale Instanzen oder durch Mehrheitsbeschluß oktroyiert werden. Sie sind freilich auch nicht ausgeschlossen. Aber ihre Legitimation kann nur input-orientiert durch Diskurse in den nationalen politischen Systemen begründet werden, deren Bürger ja frei sind, die eigenen Präferenzen solidarisch oder auch altruistisch zu definieren.

Suggested Citation

  • Scharpf, Fritz W., 2004. "Legitimationskonzepte jenseits des Nationalstaats," MPIfG Working Paper 04/6, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:mpifgw:p0064
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    1. Stefanie Sifft & Michael Brüggemann & Katharina Kleinen-V. Königslöw & Bernhard Peters & Andreas Wimmel, 2007. "Segmented Europeanization: Exploring the Legitimacy of the European Union from a Public Discourse Perspective," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45, pages 127-155, March.
    2. von Haldenwang, Christian, 2016. "Measuring legitimacy: new trends, old shortcomings?," IDOS Discussion Papers 18/2016, German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS).
    3. Claus Offe & Ulrich K. Preuss, 2006. "The Problem of Legitimacy in the European Polity. Is Democratization the Answer?," The Constitutionalism Web-Papers p0028, University of Hamburg, Faculty for Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Social Sciences, Institute of Political Science.
    4. Mende, Janne, 2020. "Business authority in global governance: Beyond public and private," Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Global Governance SP IV 2020-103, WZB Berlin Social Science Center.
    5. Georgios Dimitropoulos, 2022. "The use of blockchain by international organizations: effectiveness and legitimacy [The governance of blockchain dispute resolution]," Policy and Society, Darryl S. Jarvis and M. Ramesh, vol. 41(3), pages 328-342.
    6. Luthardt, Ulf & Zimmermann, Jochen, 2009. "A European view on the legitimacy of accounting procedures: Towards a deliberative-accountability framework for analysis," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 79-88.
    7. Mende, Janne, 2022. "Business authority in global governance: Beyond public and private," Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Global Governance SP IV 2020-103r, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, revised 2022.

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