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Entwicklungen der Weltwirtschaft im Kontext der Finanzmarktkrise

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Author Info
Michael Landesmann () (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw)
Roman Stöllinger () (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw)

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Abstract

GERMAN: Die im August 2007 ausgebrochene Finanzkrise erfüllt alle Kriterien einer systemischen Bankenkrise. Zahlungsschwierigkeiten häufen sich, die Kapitalisierung von Banken sinkt und Aktienkurse fallen, während die realen Zinssätze steigen. Ausschlaggebend für diese Entwicklungen ist der Vertrauensverlust zwischen den Banken nach den großen Abschreibungsverlusten, die aus dem Platzen der US-Sub-Prime-Blase resultieren. Staatliche Unterstützungsmaßnahmen in den USA und im Euro-Raum konnten bislang die am Interbankenmarkt entstandene Liquiditätskrise nicht beenden. Aufgrund des hohen Leverage vieler Banken erforderten die Abschreibungsverluste eine Verkürzung der Bankbilanzen. Dieser Deleverage-Prozess zog den Verkauf von Vermögenswerten und eine restriktivere Kreditvergabe mit sich. Die internationale Vernetzung der Banken und Finanzmärkte führte dazu, dass seit September 2008 auch viele Schwellenländer und mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder (MOEL) die Finanzmarktkrise zu spüren bekamen, nachdem ausländische Investoren Kapital aus diesen Märkten abzogen. Dadurch kämpfen mittlerweile mehrere Länder mit der Finanzierung ihres Leistungsbilanzdefizits, Liquiditäts- und Währungskrisen. Die wichtigsten Kanäle für die internationale Krisenausbreitung sind dabei die internationalen Kapitalflüsse und global agierende Banken. Langfristig werden Länder mit großer Exportabhängigkeit von den USA oder dem Euro-Raum auch unter der konjunkturbedingt schwachen Nachfrage leiden. Der aufgrund der schlechten Konjunkturaussichten seit Mitte 2008 sinkende Ölpreis wird den Abbau der bestehenden externen Ungleichgewichte beschleunigen. Dazu beitragen könnte auch eine relative Verschiebung der Bedeutung von Export und Inlandsnachfrage in den Wachstumsprozessen der USA und China, während die jüngsten Wechselkursentwicklungen einem Equilibrierungsprozess entgegen laufen. Das große Wachstumsdifferential zwischen den Industrieländern und den großen Schwellenländern dürfte bis 2009 bestehen bleiben oder sich sogar ausweiten. 2009 werden die großen Schwellenländer China, Indien, Brasilien sowie Russland den überwiegenden Teil zum Wachstum der Weltwirtschaft beitragen, während der Beitrag der USA, der EU und Japans rezessionsbedingt negativ sein wird. ---- ENGLISH: Developments in the world economy in the context of the financial crisis The financial crisis that erupted in August 2007 has developed into a dramatic systemic banking crisis: the number of defaults in the banking and corporate sector increased, asset prices declined depressing the capitalisation of banks, while real interest rates increased. A major force driving this development is the loss of confidence among banks following the huge write-downs in the wake of securitization and the burst of the US-sub prime bubble. State interventions in the US and the Euro area were unable to resolve the liquidity crisis on the inter-bank market. Due to the high leverage of many banks, the incurred losses required a shortening of banks' balance sheets. The de-leveraging process implied the sale of assets and a more restrictive lending policy by banks. By September 2008 international linkages between banks and financial markets caused the financial market crisis to spread to many emerging markets and also the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) as foreign investors withdrew capital from these markets. Since then many CEEC have struggled with the financing of their current account deficits, with liquidity and currency crises. Countries with strong export dependency on the US or the Euro-area started to suffer from weakened demand. Developments with regard the previously built-up large global external equilibria moved in different directions: The move into recession of many consuming countries since mid-2008 caused oil prices (and other commodity prices) to recede. This contributes towards a reduction in existing external imbalances. The sharp fall in domestic demand in the US economy is another contributing factor, whereas the latest exchange rate development (appreciating dollar) acts as a counterbalancing force in this equilibrating process. Growth differentials between industrialised countries and some of the major emerging markets mean that in 2009 in spite of the general global slow-down, it will only be the major emerging markets such as China and India which will contribute positively to the growth of the world economy, whereas the US, the EU and Japan will all make negative contributions.

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Paper provided by The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw in its series Research Papers in German language with number RPG2009Jan.

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Date of creation: Jan 2009
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Publication status: Published as Research Papers in German language
Handle: RePEc:wii:ratpap:rpg:2009:jan

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Related research
Keywords: transitional economies; comparative study; economic growth; fiscal and monetary policy; macroeconomic forecast; macroeconomic analysis;

Find related papers by JEL classification:
P2 - Economic Systems - - Socialist Systems and Transition Economies
O57 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Comparative Studies of Countries
E17 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models - - - Forecasting and Simulation
O4 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

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