Over the past few decades, financial markets have become increasingly deregulated and household debt has expanded, sometimes rapidly. It is possible that greater deregulation led to improved credit access--measured by loan denials, discouraged applications, and costs of credit-- for typically underserved groups, such as minorities and low-income families, relative to their counterparts. Data from the Federal Reserve’s Survey of Consumer Finances however, shows no clear trend towards equalization of credit access from 1989 to 2004. While there were some gains by specific groups by certain measures (for example, the gaps in loan denials and discouraged applications improved for Hispanics, relative to Whites), the results indicate that differences in credit access did not decrease on a broad basis during a period of large scale financial deregulation.

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Have Differences in Credit Access Diminished in an Era of Financial Market Deregulation?

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Christian E. Weller

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Abstract

Over the past few decades, financial markets have become increasingly deregulated and household debt has expanded, sometimes rapidly. It is possible that greater deregulation led to improved credit access--measured by loan denials, discouraged applications, and costs of credit-- for typically underserved groups, such as minorities and low-income families, relative to their counterparts. Data from the Federal Reserve’s Survey of Consumer Finances however, shows no clear trend towards equalization of credit access from 1989 to 2004. While there were some gains by specific groups by certain measures (for example, the gaps in loan denials and discouraged applications improved for Hispanics, relative to Whites), the results indicate that differences in credit access did not decrease on a broad basis during a period of large scale financial deregulation.

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Paper provided by Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst in its series Working Papers with number wp144.

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Date of creation: 2007
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Keywords: Household debt credit access costs of debt interest rates financial deregulation

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  4. Goddard, John A. & McKillop, Donal G. & Wilson, John O. S., 2002. "The growth of US credit unions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(12), pages 2327-2356. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  6. Feinberg, Robert M. & Rahman, A. F. M. Ataur, 2001. "A causality test of the relationship between bank and credit union lending rates in local markets," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 71(2), pages 271-275, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  9. Scott E. Hein & Timothy W. Koch & S. Scott MacDonald, 2005. "On the uniqueness of community banks," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, issue Q 1, pages 15-36. [Downloadable!]
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  12. Chakravarty, Sugato, 2002. "Relationships and Rationing in Consumer Loans: Evidence from the Nineties," Purdue University Economics Working Papers 1153, Purdue University, Department of Economics.
  13. Cavalluzzo, Ken S & Cavalluzzo, Linda C, 1998. "Market Structure and Discrimination: The Case of Small Businesses," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 30(4), pages 771-92, November.
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  15. Robert M. Feinberg, 2001. "The Competitive Role Of Credit Unions In Small Local Financial Services Markets," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 83(3), pages 560-563, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  16. Marianne A. Hilgert & Jeanne M. Hogarth & Sondra G. Beverly, 2003. "Household financial management: the connection between knowledge and behavior," Federal Reserve Bulletin, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), issue Jul, pages 309-322. [Downloadable!]
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