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Échange international et distorsions internes: Comment gouverner la globalisation ?

Author

Listed:
  • Jean-Luc Gaffard

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Francesco Saraceno

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (OFCE))

Abstract

La concurrence des pays émergents de la taille de la Chine ou de l’Inde fait resurgir avec force le débat qui oppose partisans et adversaires du libre-échange au sein même des pays développés. Pour les premiers, la croissance du commerce international est forcément bénéficiaire pour tous. Pour les seconds, elle est la cause de tous les maux et en particulier du chômage. Les choses sont pourtant bien différentes et beaucoup moins simples. Les changements dans le commerce international, comme d’ailleurs le progrès technique, créent inévitablement des distorsions qui perturbent le fonctionnement de l’économie. Ces distorsions ne sont pas réductibles à des dysfonctionnements des marchés des biens ou du travail. Elles ne peuvent donc pas être éliminées ab initio en choisissant des institutions optimales. Pour autant, des restrictions au commerce international ne sont pas une solution car elles risquent de créer d’autres distorsions qui viennent s’ajouter aux premières. Des distorsions avant tout intérieures appellent des solutions intérieures. Pour explorer ces solutions, il faut retenir une analyse conçue pour étudier, non les propriétés des positions d’équilibre avant et après l’ouverture à l’échange, mais les caractéristiques d’un processus de transition dont le succès n’est pas assuré. Ce type d’analyse permet de mettre en évidence la nécessité d’introduire une forme d’inertie dans les mécanismes d’ajustement. Si une relative flexibilité des salaires est encore possible quand l’intensité du changement est limitée, une certaine viscosité est requise dans le cas contraire, et un accès facilité aux ressources financières externes est nécessaire. Ce résultat pourrait aider à formuler les choix institutionnels et organisationnels à mettre en œuvre dans les économies qui veulent tirer avantage du commerce international et de la globalisation.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Luc Gaffard & Francesco Saraceno, 2007. "Échange international et distorsions internes: Comment gouverner la globalisation ?," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/6362, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/6362
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mario Amendola & Jean‐Luc Gaffard & Francesco Saraceno, 2004. "Wage Flexibility and Unemployment: The Keynesian Perspective Revisited," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 51(5), pages 654-674, November.
    2. Jean-Luc Gaffard & Francesco Saraceno, 2007. "International Trade and Domestic Distortions: Modelling the Transition Process," Documents de Travail de l'OFCE 2007-18, Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques (OFCE).
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    7. Amendola, Mario & Gaffard, Jean-Luc, 1998. "Out of Equilibrium," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198293804, Decembrie.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Globalisation; Commerce; Contraintes financières; Migration des firmes; Flexibilité des salaires;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F16 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
    • F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics

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