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Regularization and Approximation Methods in Stackelberg Games and Bilevel Optimization

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In a two-stage Stackelberg game, depending on the leader's information about the choice of the follower among his optimal responses, one can associate different types of mathematical problems. We present formulations and solution concepts for such problems, together with their possible connections in bilevel optimization, and we illustrate the crucial issues concerning these solution concepts. Then, we discuss which of these issues can be positively or negatively answered and how managing the latter ones by means of two widely used approaches: regularizing the set of optimal responses of the follower, via different types of approximate solutions, or regularizing the follower's payoff function, via the Tikhonov or the proximal regularizations. The first approach allows to obviate the lack of existence and/or stability through approximating problems, whose solutions exist under not restrictive conditions and enable to construct a surrogate solution to the original problem. The second approach permits to overcome the non-uniqueness of the follower's optimal response, by constructing sequences of Stackelberg games with a unique second-stage solution which approximate in some sense the original game, and to select among the solutions by using a constructive method with behavioural motivations.

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  • Francesco Caruso & M. Beatrice Lignola & Jacqueline Morgan, 2019. "Regularization and Approximation Methods in Stackelberg Games and Bilevel Optimization," CSEF Working Papers 541, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy, revised 18 Sep 2020.
    • Handle: RePEc:sef:csefwp:541
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    1. Francesco Caruso & Maria Carmela Ceparano & Jacqueline Morgan, 2021. "A Local Variation Method for Bilevel Nash Equilibrium Problems," CSEF Working Papers 620, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy.
    2. Francesco Caruso & Maria Carmela Ceparano & Jacqueline Morgan, 2022. "Asymptotic Behavior of Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibria in Stackelberg Games," CSEF Working Papers 661, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy.

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