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Un panorama des bas salaires et de la qualité de l'emploi peu qualifié en France

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Philippe Askenazy
Eve Caroli
Jérôme Gautié

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Abstract

Ce travail présente un panorama de la qualité de l'emploi peu qualifié en France aujourd'hui. Nous nous intéressons en particulier aux conditions de travail, d'emploi et de rémunérations des salariés les moins qualifiés et les moins rémunérés. Nous mettons tout d'abord en évidence l'incidence relativement faible du travail à bas salaires dans notre pays, comparée aux Etats-Unis mais aussi à d'autres pays européens. Nous montrons que, bien que globalement décroissante depuis 15 ans, cette incidence se concentre sur des groupes de salariés bien particuliers. Les raisons de cette relative compression des salaires sont à rechercher du côté du SMIC mais également du côté de dispositifs de politique de l'emploi. En revanche, les conditions de travail se sont dégradées au cours des années récentes, en particulier dans les emplois peu qualifiés et à bas salaires. Les différentes formes de pénibilité et de charge mentale ont sensiblement augmenté, reflétant une nette intensification du travail. Cette tendance est commune à de nombreux pays développés mais la France se distingue par l'ampleur et la persistance du phénomène. Cette intensification porte avec elle une insatisfaction croissante des salariés qui tend à se cristalliser sur les salaires jugés insuffisants au regard des efforts demandés. La qualité de l'emploi en France est également affectée par l'importance de la précarité professionnelle qui se concentre elle aussi sur les travailleurs situés au bas de l'échelle des qualifications et des salaires. Notre recherche souligne le caractère multiforme de cette précarité. Elle touche l'emploi par l'intermédiaire des contrats de travail temporaires de plus en plus nombreux et moins bien protégés que ne le suggèrent les indices agrégés de protection de l'emploi. Elle s'étend, au-delà, à l'ensemble des conditions d'emploi et de rémunération. Au total, l'importance de la précarité professionnelle telle que ressentie par les salariés tend à renforcer la demande de protection de l'emploi et donc l'attachement à la loi dans un pays où la représentation syndicale reste faible et fractionnée. ###[English abstract: This research provides a picture of job quality in low-skilled jobs in France today. We focus on working, employment and pay conditions of lower-skilled workers in the least paid jobs. We first show that the incidence of low-wage work is reduced in France as compared to the USA, but also to other EU countries. This incidence has been decreasing in the past 15 years, but it remains concentrated on specific groups of workers. The reasons for this relative compression of wages at the bottom of the distribution have to do with the existence of a national minimum wage (the so-called SMIC) and with the existence of specific labour market policies. In contrast, working conditions have worsened in recent times, in particular in low-skilled, low-paid jobs. Mental strain has increased a lot, together with painful working conditions, due to work intensification. This trend is common to many developed countries, but it is particularly pervasive and persistent in France. This intensification generates increasing job dissatisfaction which particularly focuses on wages, the level of which is seen as insufficient with respect to the efforts that are required. Job quality in France is also affected by "professional precariousness" which concentrates on lower-skilled workers. Our research provides evidence of various forms of precariousness. It encompasses job security, of course, for temporary workers who are often much less protected than one would think when looking at aggregate EPL indicators. Beyond this, it extends to employment and pay conditions. Overall, the feeling of precariousness experienced by workers tends to raise the demand for employment protection and hence the attachment to the law in a country where trade-unions are weak and often divided.]###

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Paper provided by PSE (Ecole normale supérieure) in its series PSE Working Papers with number 2009-25.

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Date of creation: 2009
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Handle: RePEc:pse:psecon:2009-25

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  1. Postel-Vinay Fabien & Saint-Martin Anne, 2003. "Comment les salariés perçoivent la protection de l'emploi ..," Research Unit Working Papers 0312, Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquee, INRA. [Downloadable!]
  2. Richard B. Freeman & Ronald Schettkat, 2002. "Marketization of Production and the US-Europe Employment Gap," NBER Working Papers 8797, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  3. repec:fth:prinin:300 is not listed on IDEAS
  4. David Neumark & William Wascher, 1992. "Employment effects of minimum and subminimum wages: Panel data on state minimum wage laws," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, ILR Review, ILR School, Cornell University, vol. 46(1), pages 55-81, October.
  5. David Neumark & William Wascher, 2006. "Minimum Wages and Employment: A Review of Evidence from the New Minimum Wage Research," NBER Working Papers 12663, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  6. David Card, 1992. "Using Regional Variation in Wages to Measure the Effects of the Federal Minimum Wage," Working Papers 680, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Industrial Relations Section.. [Downloadable!]
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  7. David Metcalf, 2007. "Why Has the British National Minimum Wage Had Little or No Impact on Employment?," CEP Discussion Papers dp0781, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. [Downloadable!]
  8. Bertrand, Marianne & Kramarz, Francis, 2002. "Does Entry Regulation Hinder Job Creation? Evidence from the French Retail Industry," IZA Discussion Papers 415, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
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  9. B. Dormont & D. Fougère & A. Prieto, 2001. "L'effet de l'allocation unique dégressive sur la reprise d'emploi," THEMA Working Papers 2001-05, THEMA (THéorie Economique, Modélisation et Applications), Université de Cergy-Pontoise. [Downloadable!]
  10. David Neumark & DMark Schweitzer & DaWilliam Wascher, 2004. "Minimum Wage Effects throughout the Wage Distribution," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 39(2). [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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