IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/80763.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Why is South Africa Still a Developing Country?

Author

Listed:
  • Bakari, Sayef

Abstract

Despite the abundance of goods and natural resources that characterize South Africa, and despite the remarkable progress in the field of industry and manufacturing, it is still in the list of developing countries. The aim of this article is to re-examine the causes of this node by studying the basic pillars for the creation of solid economic growth as is the case for all developing countries by looking at the impact of domestic investment, exports and imports on South Africa's economic growth in the short and long term. Our empirical analyses show that imports present the main barrier of prosperity and progress in South Africa.

Suggested Citation

  • Bakari, Sayef, 2017. "Why is South Africa Still a Developing Country?," MPRA Paper 80763, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:80763
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/80763/1/MPRA_paper_80763.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Romer, Paul M, 1986. "Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 94(5), pages 1002-1037, October.
    2. Haifeng Xu, 2016. "Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth in China: New Evidence from Panel Data," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(3), pages 724-732, March.
    3. Johansen, Soren & Juselius, Katarina, 1990. "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration--With Applications to the Demand for Money," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 52(2), pages 169-210, May.
    4. Balassa, Bela, 1978. "Exports and economic growth : Further evidence," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 5(2), pages 181-189, June.
    5. Geetilaxmi MOHAPATRA & A. K. GIRI & Madhu SEHRAWAT, 2016. "Foreign aid, macroeconomic policies and economic growth nexus in India: An ARDL bounds testing approach," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania - AGER, vol. 0(4(609), W), pages 183-202, Winter.
    6. David H. Romer & Jeffrey A. Frankel, 1999. "Does Trade Cause Growth?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(3), pages 379-399, June.
    7. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "The Three-Way Linkages Between Export, Import And Economic Growth: New Evidence From Tunisia," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 2(3), pages 13-53, December.
    8. Michaely, Michael, 1977. "Exports and growth : An empirical investigation," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 49-53, February.
    9. Rebelo, Sergio, 1991. "Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(3), pages 500-521, June.
    10. Robert J. Barro, 1991. "Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 106(2), pages 407-443.
    11. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "The Long Run and Short Run Impacts of Exports on Economic Growth: Evidence from Gabon," Economic Research Guardian, Weissberg Publishing, vol. 7(1), pages 40-57, June.
    12. Kalpana Sahoo & Narayan Sethi, 2017. "Impact of Foreign Capital on Economic Development in India: An Econometric Investigation," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 18(3), pages 766-780, June.
    13. Levine, Ross & Renelt, David, 1992. "A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 82(4), pages 942-963, September.
    14. Edwards, Sebastian, 1998. "Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 108(447), pages 383-398, March.
    15. Hatem Hatef Abdulkadhim Altaee & Mohamed Khaled Al-Jafari & Masoud Ali Khalid, 2016. "Determinants of Economic Growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Application of Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model," Applied Economics and Finance, Redfame publishing, vol. 3(1), pages 83-92, Februa.
    16. Gene M. Grossman & Elhanan Helpman, 1991. "Quality Ladders and Product Cycles," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 106(2), pages 557-586.
    17. Bakari, Sayef & Saaidia, Fatma, 2017. "Assessment of Commerce Potency on Economic Growth in Italy: Empirical Analysis," MPRA Paper 76473, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Mohammed Ershad Hussain & Mahfuzul Haque, 2016. "Foreign Direct Investment, Trade, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis of Bangladesh," Economies, MDPI, vol. 4(2), pages 1-14, April.
    19. Engle, Robert & Granger, Clive, 2015. "Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 39(3), pages 106-135.
    20. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "Appraisal of Trade Potency on Economic Growth in Sudan: New Empirical and Policy Analysis," Asian Development Policy Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 5(4), pages 213-225, December.
    21. Ram, Rati, 1987. "Exports and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from Time-Series and Cross-Section Data," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 36(1), pages 51-72, October.
    22. Grier, Kevin B. & Tullock, Gordon, 1989. "An empirical analysis of cross-national economic growth, 1951-1980," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 259-276, September.
    23. Tyler, William G., 1981. "Growth and export expansion in developing countries : Some empirical evidence," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 121-130, August.
    24. Ali Farhan Chaudhry & Abdul Rauf Butt & Muhammad Irfan Chani, 2017. "Long-Run Relationship between Exports and Imports of Pakistan," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 9(8), pages 204-211, August.
    25. Julen Berasaluce & José Romero, 2017. "Economic growth and the external sector: Evidence from Korea, lessons for Mexico," Estudios Económicos, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Económicos, vol. 32(1), pages 95-131.
    26. Nursini Nursini, 2017. "Effect of Fiscal Policy and Trade Openness on Economic Growth in Indonesia: 1990-2015," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(1), pages 358-364.
    27. Debi Prasad Bal & Devi Prasad Dash & Bibhudutta Subhasish, 2016. "The Effects of Capital Formation on Economic Growth in India: Evidence from ARDL-bound Testing Approach," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 17(6), pages 1388-1400, December.
    28. Granger, C W J, 1969. "Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 37(3), pages 424-438, July.
    29. Fischer, Stanley, 1993. "The role of macroeconomic factors in growth," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 485-512, December.
    30. N. Gregory Mankiw & David Romer & David N. Weil, 1992. "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 107(2), pages 407-437.
    31. Johansen, Soren, 1988. "Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 12(2-3), pages 231-254.
    32. Sachs, Jeffrey D & Warner, Andrew M, 1997. "Sources of Slow Growth in African Economies," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), vol. 6(3), pages 335-376, October.
    33. Edem Kwame Mensah Klobodu & Samuel Adams, 2016. "Capital Flows and Economic Growth in Ghana," Journal of African Business, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(3), pages 291-307, September.
    34. Lucas, Robert Jr., 1988. "On the mechanics of economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 3-42, July.
    35. Geetilaxmi MOHAPATRA & A. K. GIRI & Madhu SEHRAWAT, 2016. "Foreign aid, macroeconomic policies and economic growth nexus in India: An ARDL bounds testing approach," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania - AGER, vol. 0(4(609), W), pages 183-202, Winter.
    36. Strike Mbulawa, 2017. "The Impact Of Economic Infrastructure On Long Term Economic Growth In Botswana," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 2(1), pages 15-33, March.
    37. Dickey, David A & Fuller, Wayne A, 1981. "Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 49(4), pages 1057-1072, June.
    38. Bakari, Sayef, 2016. "Does Domestic Investment Produce Economic Growth in Canada: Empirical Analysis Based on Correlation, Cointegration and Causality," MPRA Paper 75966, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    39. Modebe Nwanneka Judith & Ezeaku Hillary Chijindu, 2016. "Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Triangulation Approach," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 6(4), pages 1842-1850.
    40. Savvides, Andreas, 1995. "Economic growth in Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 23(3), pages 449-458, March.
    41. Champa Bati Dutta & Mohammed Ziaul Haider & Debasish Kumar Das, 2017. "Dynamics of Economic Growth, Investment and Trade Openness: Evidence from Bangladesh," South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance, , vol. 6(1), pages 82-104, June.
    42. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "The Relationship between Export, Import, Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in Egypt: Empirical Analysis," EuroEconomica, Danubius University of Galati, issue 2(36), pages 34-43, November.
    43. Faisal FAISAL & Turgut TURSOY & Nil GUNSEL RESATOGLU, 2017. "Is Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Exist in Saudi Arabia? Evidence from an ARDL Bounds Testing Approach," Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 5(1), pages 110-117, March.
    44. Bakari, Sayef, 2018. "The Impact of Domestic Investment on Economic Growth New Policy Analysis from Algeria," Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, BETA Journals, vol. 3(1), pages 35-51, March.
    45. Faisal FAISAL & Turgut TÜRSOY & Nil GÜNSEL REŞATOĞLU, 2017. "Is Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Exist in Saudi Arabia? Evidence from an ARDL Bounds Testing Approach," Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 5(1), pages 110-117.
    46. Moses A. Ofeh & Ali T. Muandzevara, 2017. "Investigating the Effects of Migrant Remittances on the Economic Growth of Cameroon," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 9(2), pages 58-69, February.
    47. Tybout, James R., 1991. "Researching the trade - productivity link : new directions," Policy Research Working Paper Series 638, The World Bank.
    48. Chinwuba Okafor & Ibrahim Shaibu, 2016. "Modelling Economic Growth Function in Nigeria: An ARDL Approach," Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 3(1), pages 84-93.
    49. Molem Chirstopher Sama & Ndifor Roger Tah, 2016. "The Effect of Energy Consumption on Economic Growth in Cameroon," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 6(9), pages 510-521, September.
    50. Ahmad, Najid & Du, Liangsheng, 2017. "Effects of energy production and CO2 emissions on economic growth in Iran: ARDL approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 521-537.
    51. Chinwuba Okafor & Ibrahim Shaibu, 2016. "Modelling Economic Growth Function in Nigeria: An ARDL Approach," Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 3(1), pages 84-93.
    52. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "Appraisal of Trade Potency on Economic Growth in Sudan: New Empirical and Policy Analysis," Asian Development Policy Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 5(4), pages 213-225.
    53. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "The Impact Of Domestic Investment On Economic Growth: New Evidence From Malaysia," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 2(2), pages 105-121, September.
    54. Bakari, Sayef, 2017. "Trade and Economic Growth in Germany," MPRA Paper 77404, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    55. Bakari, Sayef, 2017. "The Nexus between Export, Import, Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in Japan," MPRA Paper 76110, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    56. Tybout, James R, 1992. "Linking Trade and Productivity: New Research Directions," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 6(2), pages 189-211, May.
    57. Samuel Adams & Edem Kwame Mensah Klobodu & Richmond Odartey Lamptey, 2017. "The Effects of Capital Flows on Economic Growth in Senegal," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 11(2), pages 121-142, May.
    58. Sayef Bakari & Mohamed Mabrouki, 2017. "Impact Of Exports And Imports On Economic Growth: New Evidence From Panama," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 2(1), pages 67-79, March.
    59. Molem Chirstopher Sama & Ndifor Roger Tah, 2016. "The Effect of Energy Consumption on Economic Growth in Cameroon," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 6(9), pages 510-521.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bakari, Sayef, 2022. "The Nexus between Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in Developed Countries: Do Exports matter?," MPRA Paper 114394, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Bakari, Sayef & Mabrouki, Mohamed, 2018. "The Impact of Agricultural Trade on Economic Growth in North Africa: Econometric Analysis by Static Gravity Model," MPRA Paper 85116, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Ben Yedder, Nadia & El Weriemmi, Malek & Bakari, Sayef, 2023. "The Impact of Domestic Investment and Trade on Economic Growth in North Africa Countries: New Evidence from Panel CS-ARDL Model," MPRA Paper 117956, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Bakari, Sayef, 2021. "Reinvest the relationship between exports and economic growth in African countries: New insights from innovative econometric methods," MPRA Paper 108785, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "The Three-Way Linkages Between Export, Import And Economic Growth: New Evidence From Tunisia," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 2(3), pages 13-53, December.
    2. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "The Relationship between Export, Import, Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in Egypt: Empirical Analysis," EuroEconomica, Danubius University of Galati, issue 2(36), pages 34-43, November.
    3. Sayef Bakari & Mohamed Mabrouki & Abdelhafidh Othmani, 2018. "The Six Linkages Between Foreign Direct Investment, Domestic Investment, Exports, Imports, Labor Force And Economic Growth: New Empirical And Policy Analysis From Nigeria," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 3(1), pages 25-43, Juin.
    4. Sayef Bakari & Mohamed Mabrouki & Asma Elmakki, 2018. "The Impact of Domestic Investment in the Industrial Sector on Economic Growth with Partial Openness: Evidence from Tunisia," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 38(1), pages 111-128.
    5. Sayef Bakari & Mohamed Mabrouki & Asma Elmakki, 2018. "The Nexus Between Industrial Exports And Economic Growth In Tunisia: Empirical Analysis," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 3(2), pages 31-53, December.
    6. Bakari, Sayef, 2018. "The Impact of Domestic Investment on Economic Growth New Policy Analysis from Algeria," Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, BETA Journals, vol. 3(1), pages 35-51, March.
    7. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "The Impact Of Domestic Investment On Economic Growth: New Evidence From Malaysia," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 2(2), pages 105-121, September.
    8. Bakari, Sayef, 2018. "The Impact Of Citrus Exports On Economic Growth: Empirical Analysis From Tunisia," International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics (IJFAEC), Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Department of Economics and Finance, vol. 6(1), January.
    9. Bakari, Sayef & Fakraoui, Nissar & Mabrouki, Mohamed, 2020. "The Contribution of Domestic Investment, Exports and Imports on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Peru," MPRA Paper 99041, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Bakari, Sayef & Mabrouki, Mohamed, 2018. "The Impact of Agricultural Trade on Economic Growth in North Africa: Econometric Analysis by Static Gravity Model," MPRA Paper 85116, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Bakari, Sayef, 2021. "Reinvest the relationship between exports and economic growth in African countries: New insights from innovative econometric methods," MPRA Paper 108785, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "The Impact of Vegetables Exports on Economic Growth in Tunisia," Economic Research Guardian, Weissberg Publishing, vol. 7(2), pages 72-87, December.
    13. Bakari, Sayef, 2017. "The Impact of Olive Oil Exports on Economic Growth: Empirical Analysis from Tunisia," MPRA Paper 82812, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Oct 2017.
    14. Sayef Bakari & Nissar Fakraoui & Sofien Tiba, 2021. "Domestic Investment, Export, Import And Economic Growth In Brazil: An Application Of Vector Error Correction Model," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 6(1), pages 31-48, Mars.
    15. Sayef Bakari & Mohamed Mabrouki, 2017. "The Effect Of Agricultural Exports On Economic Growth In South-Eastern Europe: An Empirical Investigation Using Panel Data," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 2(4), pages 49-64, December.
    16. Klaus Wälde & Christina Wood, 2004. "The empirics of trade and growth: where are the policy recommendations?," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 1(2), pages 275-292, January.
    17. Tarlok Singh, 2010. "Does International Trade Cause Economic Growth? A Survey," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(11), pages 1517-1564, November.
    18. Sayef Bakari & Sofien Tiba & Nissar Fakraoui, 2019. "Does Domestic Investment Contribute To Economic Growth In Uruguay? What Did The Empirical Facts Say?," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 4(2), pages 53-69, September.
    19. Aribah Aslam, 2020. "The hotly debate of human capital and economic growth: why institutions may matter?," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 54(4), pages 1351-1362, August.
    20. Ben Yedder, Nadia & El Weriemmi, Malek & Bakari, Sayef, 2023. "The Impact of Domestic Investment and Trade on Economic Growth in North Africa Countries: New Evidence from Panel CS-ARDL Model," MPRA Paper 117956, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Domestic Investment; Exports; Imports; Economic growth; South Africa.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E22 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity
    • F11 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Neoclassical Models of Trade
    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:80763. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.