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The impact of post-9/11 visa policies on travel to the United States

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  • Neiman, Brent
  • Swagel, Phillip

Abstract

This paper examines the impact of post-9/11 changes in visa and security policy on business and leisure travel to the United States. American businesses, tourism industry representatives, and politicians pointed to changes in visa policies as being responsible for a sharp decline in short-term visitors following the September 11 attacks. Several foreign governments likewise complained that visa requirements and other security measures were making it difficult for their citizens to travel to the United States. Using an empirical model which distinguishes the impact of visa policy from economic and country-specific factors, we find that changes in visa policy in the aftermath of 9/11 were not important contributors to the decrease in travel to the United States. Rather, the reduction in entries was largest among travelers who were not required to obtain a visa.

Suggested Citation

  • Neiman, Brent & Swagel, Phillip, 2007. "The impact of post-9/11 visa policies on travel to the United States," MPRA Paper 2952, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:2952
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    Cited by:

    1. Lizhi Xu & Shouyang Wang & Jingjing Li & Ling Tang & Yanmin Shao, 2019. "Modelling international tourism flows to China: A panel data analysis with the gravity model," Tourism Economics, , vol. 25(7), pages 1047-1069, November.
    2. Anca D. Cristea & Russell Hillberry & Aaditya Mattoo, 2015. "Open Skies over the Middle East," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(11), pages 1650-1681, November.
    3. Nitsch, Volker, 2014. "Grounded! The Impact of Disrupted Transport Networks on International Trade," Conference papers 332470, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
    4. Farai Jena & Barry Reilly, 2013. "The determinants of United Kingdom student visa demand from developing countries," IZA Journal of Labor & Development, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 2(1), pages 1-22, December.
    5. Ding, Ding & Timmer, Yannick, 2023. "Exchange rate elasticities of international tourism and the role of dominant currency pricing," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    6. Volker Nitsch, 2019. "Passport, please! Travels, travails and trade," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(15), pages 1274-1278, September.
    7. Robert A. Lawson & Saurav Roychoudhury, 2016. "Do travel visa requirements impede tourist travel?," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 40(4), pages 817-828, October.
    8. MORIKAWA Masayuki, 2018. "Effects of Distance and Borders on International and Interregional Tourist Flows: A micro-gravity analysis," Discussion papers 18021, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    9. Song, Haiyan & Gartner, William C. & Tasci, Asli D.A., 2012. "Visa restrictions and their adverse economic and marketing implications – Evidence from China," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 397-412.
    10. Robert Lawson & Jayme Lemke, 2012. "Travel visas," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 153(1), pages 17-36, October.
    11. Tadao Hoshino, 2020. "A Pairwise Strategic Network Formation Model with Group Heterogeneity: With an Application to International Travel," Papers 2012.14886, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2021.
    12. Bahare Fallahi & Shahnaz Rahpaymaelizehee, 2015. "Evaluation of the Immigration Reform and National Security after 9/11 in United State," Journal of Public Policy & Governance, Research Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 2(2), pages 48-55.
    13. Ding Ding & Mr. Yannick Timmer, 2022. "Exchange Rate Elasticities of International Tourism and the Role of Dominant Currency Pricing," IMF Working Papers 2022/024, International Monetary Fund.
    14. Tekleselassie, Tsegay Gebrekidan, 2016. "Three essays on the impact of institutions and policies on socio-economic outcomes," Economics PhD Theses 1316, Department of Economics, University of Sussex Business School.
    15. Barry Reilly & Tsegay Gebrekidan Tekleselassie, 2018. "The role of United States Visa Waiver Program on cross-border travel," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(1), pages 61-65, January.
    16. Ayumu Tanaka, 2013. "Geographic Concentration of Foreign Visitors to Japan," Discussion papers e-12-013, Graduate School of Economics Project Center, Kyoto University.
    17. B. Lindsay Lowell, 2014. "Managing immigration: A review of some past projections," Migration Letters, Migration Letters, vol. 11(1), pages 33-42, January.
    18. Alan King, 2010. "The Effect Of 9/11 On Us Exports And Imports Of Tourism," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(5-6), pages 535-546.
    19. Pala, Ali & Zhuang, Jun, 2018. "Security screening queues with impatient applicants: A new model with a case study," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 265(3), pages 919-930.
    20. Ding Ding & Yannick Timmer, 2022. "Exchange Rate Elasticities of International Tourism and the Role of Dominant Currency Pricing," CESifo Working Paper Series 9743, CESifo.
    21. Ayumu Tanaka, 2023. "Geographic concentration of foreign visitors: evidence from Japan," International Journal of Economic Policy Studies, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 211-222, February.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Visa Policy; Differences-in-differences; Economics of National Security;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F52 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - National Security; Economic Nationalism
    • F2 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business

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    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

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