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Sinking the Internet: Pricing, Sunk Costs, and Market Structure Online

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Author Info
Howard Smith
Simon Latcovich
Abstract

This paper evaluates alternative strategic models of competition and market structure in online retailing, and makes comparisons with traditional retailing. Online consumers are less concerned than traditional consumers about spatial characteristics and more concerned about hidden quality characteristics. Online retailers rely more on advertising than traditional retailers do, to inform consumers and to signal hidden quality attributes. Price competition may be imperfect, because of vertical product differentiation, incomplete consumer awareness, and perfect information exchange between retailers. Advertising and revenue data for the online book market reveal that consumers respond to advertising rather than low prices. As the market increases, advertising costs escalate and there is no new entry. Advertising to sales ratios and market concentration ratios are much higher than for traditional retailers. Using price and demand information for individual books over a number of weeks, we find counter-cyclical and cross-sectional price variation inconsistent with perfect price competition.

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Paper provided by University of Oxford, Department of Economics in its series Economics Series Working Papers with number 036.

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Date of creation: 2000
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Handle: RePEc:oxf:wpaper:036

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Related research
Keywords: advertising; books; e-commerce; endogenous sunk costs; Internet; market structure; price discrimination; price dispersion; retailing;

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
L13 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
L15 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - Information and Product Quality
L81 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Services - - - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce

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  1. Bliss, Christopher, 1988. "A Theory of Retail Pricing," Journal of Industrial Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 36(4), pages 375-91, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Steven Salop & Joseph Stiglitz, 1977. "Bargains and ripoffs: a model of monopolistically competitive price dispersion," Special Studies Papers 94, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    Other versions:
  3. Sobel, Joel, 1984. "The Timing of Sales," Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 51(3), pages 353-68, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Grossman, Gene M & Shapiro, Carl, 1984. "Informative Advertising with Differentiated Products," Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 51(1), pages 63-81, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Klemperer, Paul, 1987. "Markets with Consumer Switching Costs," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 102(2), pages 375-94, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Varian, Hal R, 1980. "A Model of Sales," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 70(4), pages 651-59, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Baumol, William J, 1982. "Contestable Markets: An Uprising in the Theory of Industry Structure," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 72(1), pages 1-15, March.
  8. Rotemberg, Julio J & Saloner, Garth, 1986. "A Supergame-Theoretic Model of Price Wars during Booms," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 76(3), pages 390-407, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Klein, Benjamin & Leffler, Keith B, 1981. "The Role of Market Forces in Assuring Contractual Performance," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 89(4), pages 615-41, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Shapiro, Carl, 1989. "Theories of oligopoly behavior," Handbook of Industrial Organization, in: R. Schmalensee & R. Willig (ed.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 6, pages 329-414 Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Milgrom, Paul & Roberts, John, 1986. "Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 94(4), pages 796-821, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  12. Shaked, Avner & Sutton, John, 1982. "Relaxing Price Competition through Product Differentiation," Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(1), pages 3-13, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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