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Women Entrepreneurs in the OECD: Key Evidence and Policy Challenges

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  • Mario Piacentini

    (OECD)

Abstract

Important gender gaps in entrepreneurship exist. Men are three times more likely than women to own a business with employees. Women rarely own large businesses and their average earnings from selfemployment are up to 60% lower than for men. Cultural norms, stereotypes and lack of role models make women less interested in an entrepreneurial career and less confident in their capacities as entrepreneurs. Other obstacles such as time shortages and the composition of their professional networks lead women to start relatively small businesses, with low levels of initial capital and bank financing. These obstacles establish a competitive disadvantage for companies owned by women, which translates in levels of labour productivity that are 5 to 30% lower than those of companies owned by men. This paper also presents examples of policy initiatives in the domains of credit, training and awareness raising that can unlock the double dividend of women’s entrepreneurship: higher empowerment of women and more productive businesses. Better data and more analysis are an essential precondition for a more effective implementation of these policies. En matière d’entreprenariat, des écarts importants entre les sexes existent. Les hommes sont trois fois plus susceptibles que les femmes de posséder une entreprise avec des employés. Les femmes possèdent rarement de grandes entreprises et leurs gains moyens en tant que travailleurs indépendants sont jusqu'à 60% inférieurs à ceux des hommes. Les normes culturelles, les stéréotypes et le manque de modèles d’entrepreneurs féminins rendent les femmes moins intéressées par une carrière entrepreneuriale et moins confiantes dans leurs capacités d'entrepreneurs. D'autres obstacles comme le manque de temps et la composition de leurs réseaux professionnels conduisent les femmes à démarrer des entreprises relativement petites, avec de faibles niveaux de capital initial et de financements bancaires. Ces obstacles gênèrent un désavantage concurrentiel pour les entreprises appartenant à des femmes, qui se traduit par des niveaux de productivité de 5 à 30% inférieurs à ceux des entreprises appartenant à des hommes. Ce document présente également des exemples d'initiatives politiques dans les domaines du crédit, de la formation et de la sensibilisation qui peuvent débloquer le ‘double dividende’ de l'entreprenariat des femmes: une plus grande émancipation économique de la femme et des entreprises plus productives. Des meilleures données et plus d’analyses sont des conditions essentielles pour une mise en oeuvre plus efficace de ces politiques.

Suggested Citation

  • Mario Piacentini, 2013. "Women Entrepreneurs in the OECD: Key Evidence and Policy Challenges," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 147, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:elsaab:147-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5k43bvtkmb8v-en
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Douwere Grekou & Jenny Watt & Horatio M. Morgan, 2023. "Gender productivity gap: does gender-equal ownership compensate for female entrepreneurs’ lack of prior industry experience?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 60(4), pages 1543-1571, April.
    2. Benner, Maximilian & Buzin, Johannes & Hoffmann, Jakob & Taifour, Ahmad Azzam, 2017. "Inclusive local development: A strategy for Heraklion, Greece," MPRA Paper 81323, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Marc Cowling & Susan Marlow & Weixi Liu, 2020. "Gender and bank lending after the global financial crisis: are women entrepreneurs safer bets?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(4), pages 853-880, December.
    4. Adlah A. Alessa, 2018. "Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Intention: Saudi Perspective," Journal of Management and Sustainability, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 8(1), pages 111-126, March.
    5. Ronald B. Davies & Arman Mazhikeyev, 2021. "The glass border: Gender and exporting in developing countries," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(4), pages 879-903, April.
    6. Sanae Hobad & Laila Hobad & Abderrazzak Kabbouri, 2023. "Female entrepreneurship and social media in Morocco [L'entrepreneuriat féminin et les médias sociaux au Maroc]," Post-Print hal-03973512, HAL.
    7. Sorgner, Alina & Bode, Eckhardt & Krieger-Boden, Christiane & Aneja, Urvashi & Coleman, Susan & Mishra, Vidisha & Robb, Alicia M., 2017. "The effects of digitalization on gender equaliy in the G20 economies: Women20 study," Kiel E-Books, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), number 170571.
    8. Mehmet Nasih TAĞ & Duygu HIDIROĞLU, 2020. "The Playing Field of Innovative Entrepreneurship: A Multilevel Analysis of Institutional Effects on Female Entrepreneurship," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society, issue 28(44).
    9. Naranchimeg Mijid & Caroline Elliott, 2015. "Gender differences in Type 1 credit rationing of small businesses in the US," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 3(1), pages 1021553-102, December.
    10. Marc Cowling & Susan Marlow & Weixi Liu, 0. "Gender and bank lending after the global financial crisis: are women entrepreneurs safer bets?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-28.
    11. Arbolino, Roberta & Carlucci, Fabio & Cirà, Andrea & Yigitcanlar, Tan & Ioppolo, Giuseppe, 2018. "Mitigating regional disparities through microfinancing: An analysis of microcredit as a sustainability tool for territorial development in Italy," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 281-288.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    entrepreneurship data; entrepreneurship policies; gender;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J01 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - General - - - Labor Economics: General
    • J08 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - General - - - Labor Economics Policies
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • L25 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Firm Performance
    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship

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