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The Welfare Consequences of ATM Surcharges: Evidence from a Structural Entry Model

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Author Info
Gautam Gowrisankaran () (John M. Olin School of Business, Washington University in St. Louis)
John Krainer () (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco)

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Abstract

We estimate a structural model of the market for automatic teller machines (ATMs) evaluate the implications of regulating ATM surcharges on ATM entry and consumer producer surplus. We estimate the model using data on firm and consumer locations, the parameters of the model by exploiting a source of local quasi–experimental variation, state of Iowa banned ATM surcharges during our sample period while the state of Minnesota not. We develop new econometric methods that allow us to estimate the parameters equilibrium models without computing equilibria. Monte Carlo evidence shows estimator performs well. We find that a ban on ATM surcharges reduces ATM entry percent, increases consumer welfare by about 10 percent and lowers producer profits percent. Total welfare remains about the same under regimes that permit or prohibit surcharges and is about 17 percent lower than the surplus maximizing level. This paper shed light on the theoretically ambiguous implications of free entry on consumer welfare for differentiated products industries in general and ATMs in particular.

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Paper provided by NET Institute in its series Working Papers with number 04-16.

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Length: 46 pages
Date of creation: Nov 2004
Date of revision: Nov 2004
Handle: RePEc:net:wpaper:0416

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  1. Emmanuel Guerre & Isabelle Perrigne & Quang Vuong, 2000. "Optimal Nonparametric Estimation of First-Price Auctions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 68(3), pages 525-574, May.
  2. Nadia Massoud & Dan Bernhardt, 2002. ""Rip-Off" ATM Surcharges," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 33(1), pages 96-115, Spring.
  3. Michael J. Mazzeo, 2002. "Product Choice and Oligopoly Market Structure," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 33(2), pages 221-242, Summer.
  4. Timothy H. Hannan & Elizabeth K. Kiser & Robin A. Prager & James J. McAndrews, 2003. "To Surcharge or Not to Surcharge: An Empirical Investigation of ATM Pricing," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 85(4), pages 990-1002, 09. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  5. Chernew, Michael & Gowrisankaran, Gautam & Fendrick, A. Mark, 2002. "Payer type and the returns to bypass surgery: evidence from hospital entry behavior," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 451-474, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Angelique Augereau & Shane Greenstein & Marc Rysman, 2004. "Coordination vs. Differentiation in a Standards War: 56K Modems," NBER Working Papers 10334, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Kenneth Y. Chay & Michael Greenstone, 2003. "The Impact Of Air Pollution On Infant Mortality: Evidence From Geographic Variation In Pollution Shocks Induced By A Recession," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 118(3), pages 1121-1167, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  8. Christopher R. Knittel & Victor Stango, 2004. "Compatibility and Pricing with Indirect Network Effects: Evidence from ATMs," NBER Working Papers 10774, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  9. Steven T. Berry & Joel Waldfogel, 1999. "Free Entry and Social Inefficiency in Radio Broadcasting," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 30(3), pages 397-420, Autumn. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  10. Ariel Pakes & Michael Ostrovsky & Steve Berry, 2004. "Simple Estimators for the Parameters of Discrete Dynamic Games (with Entry/Exit Examples)," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 2036, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
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  11. Bresnahan, Timothy F & Reiss, Peter C, 1991. "Entry and Competition in Concentrated Markets," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(5), pages 977-1009, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  12. Thomas J. Holmes, 1998. "The Effect of State Policies on the Location of Manufacturing: Evidence from State Borders," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 106(4), pages 667-705, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. Berry, Steven T, 1992. "Estimation of a Model of Entry in the Airline Industry," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 60(4), pages 889-917, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  14. Hotz, V Joseph & Miller, Robert A, 1993. "Conditional Choice Probabilities and the Estimation of Dynamic Models," Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 60(3), pages 497-529, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  15. Elizabeth W. Croft & Barbara J. Spencer, 2003. "Fees and Surcharging in automatic teller machine networks: Non-bank ATM providers versus large banks," NBER Working Papers 9883, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  16. Card, David & Krueger, Alan B, 1994. "Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 84(4), pages 772-93, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  1. Ellickson, Paul & Misra, Sanjog, 2006. "Supermarket Pricing Strategies," Working Papers 06-02, Duke University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  2. Timothy H. Hannan & Ron Borzekowski, 2007. "Incompatibility and Investment in ATM Networks," Review of Network Economics, Concept Economics, vol. 6(1), pages 1-15, March. [Downloadable!]
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  3. Christopher Knittel & Victor Stango, 2008. "Incompatibility, Product Attributes and Consumer Welfare: Evidence from ATMs," Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy, Berkeley Electronic Press, vol. 8(1), pages 1731-1731. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Christopher R. Knittel & Victor Stango, 2004. "Compatibility and Pricing with Indirect Network Effects: Evidence from ATMs," NBER Working Papers 10774, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
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