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Winners and Losers Over Two Centuries of Globalization

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Jeffrey G. Williamson

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Abstract

The world has seen two globalization booms over the past two centuries, and one bust. The first global century ended with World War I and the second started at the end of World War II, while the years in between were ones of anti-global backlash. This lecture reports what we know about the winners and losers during the two global centuries, including aspects almost always ignored in modern debate how prices of consumption goods on the expenditure side are affected, and how the economic position of the poor is influenced. It also reports two responses of the winners to the losers' complaints. Some concessions to the losers took the form of anti-global policy manifested by immigration restriction in the high-wage countries and trade restriction pretty much everywhere. Some concessions to the losers were also manifested by a race towards the top' whereby legislation strengthened losers' safety nets and increased their sense of political participation. The lecture concludes with four lessons of history and an agenda for international economists, including more attention to the impact of globalization on commodity price structure, the causes of protection, the impact of world migration on poverty eradication, and the role of political participation in the whole process.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 9161.

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Date of creation: Sep 2002
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Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9161

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F0 - International Economics - - General
N0 - Economic History - - General

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. O'Rourke, Kevin H, 2000. "Tariffs and Growth in the Late 19th Century," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 110(463), pages 456-83, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  2. Yasuba, Yasukichi, 1996. "Did Japan Ever Suffer From a Shortage of Natural Resources Before World War II?," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 56(03), pages 543-560, September. [Downloadable!]
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  1. Guilllaume Daudin, Matthias Morys and Kevin H. O'Rourke, 2008. "Globalization, 1870-1914," The Institute for International Integration Studies Discussion Paper Series iiisdp250, IIIS. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  2. Torben M. Andersen & Allan Sørensen, 2007. "Product Market Integration and Labour Markets: Aggregate Gains at the Cost of More Inequality?," IZA Discussion Papers 2556, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  3. Michael Artis & Toshihiro Okubo, 2008. "Globalization and Business Cycle Transmission," Discussion Paper Series 232, Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  4. Kenneth P. Jameson, 2005. "Exchange Rate Regimes: Latin American Economic Analysis before the Depression," Working Paper Series, Department of Economics, University of Utah 2005_06, University of Utah, Department of Economics.
  5. Charles Becker & Terry-Ann Craigie, 2007. "W. Arthur Lewis in Retrospect," The Review of Black Political Economy, Springer, vol. 34(3), pages 187-216, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Basu, Kaushik, 2005. "Globalization, Poverty and Inequality: What Is the Relationship? What Can Be Done?," Working Papers 05-13, Cornell University, Center for Analytic Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  7. Eloranta, Jari, 2004. "WARFARE AND WELFARE? Understanding 19th and 20th Century Central Government Spending," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 699, University of Warwick, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  8. Andersen, Torben M & Sorensen, Allan, 2005. "Product Market Integration, Wages and Inequality," CEPR Discussion Papers 4963, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Almas Heshmati, 2007. "A Model for Industrial Development of the Federal Region of Kurdistan: Science and Technology Policy, Instruments and Institutions," IZA Discussion Papers 3213, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  10. Heshmati, Almas, 2005. "The Relationship between Income Inequality, Poverty, and Globalization," Working Papers RP2005/37, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER). [Downloadable!]
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  11. Claudia M. Buch & Jörn Kleinert, 2007. "Multinational Firms and New Protectionisms," IAW Discussion Papers 33, Institut für Angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung (IAW). [Downloadable!]
  12. Nissanke, Machiko & Thorbecke, Erik, 2006. "A Quest for Pro-Poor Globalization," Working Papers RP2006/46, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER). [Downloadable!]
  13. Kevin O'Rourke, 2004. "The Era of Free Migration: Lessons for Today," The Institute for International Integration Studies Discussion Paper Series iiisdp018, IIIS. [Downloadable!]
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