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Building the IPO Order Book: Underpricing and Participation Limits With Costly Information

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Author Info
Ann E. Sherman
Sheridan Titman

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Abstract

This paper examines the book building mechanism for marketing initial public offerings. We present a model where the underwriter selects a group of investors along with a pricing and allocation mechanism in a way that maximizes the information generated during the process of going public at a minimum cost. Unlike previous models, we take into account the moral hazard problem that is faced by investors when evaluation is costly. Our results suggest that for firms with the most to gain from accurate pricing, the number of investors participating in the offering is larger, and underpricing will be greater. When the demand for accuracy is relatively low, the expected amount of underpricing exactly offsets the investors' costs of acquiring information. However, when the demand for accuracy is high, the expected amount of underpricing can exceed the cost of information and investors can earn rents.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 7786.

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Date of creation: Jul 2000
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Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:7786

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G2 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services

References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:

  1. Hsuan-Chi Chen & Jay R. Ritter, 2000. "The Seven Percent Solution," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 55(3), pages 1105-1131, 06. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Hanley, Kathleen Weiss, 1993. "The underpricing of initial public offerings and the partial adjustment phenomenon," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 231-250, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Sherman, Ann Guenther, 1992. " The Pricing of Best Efforts New Issues," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 47(2), pages 781-90, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Loughran, Tim & Ritter, Jay R. & Rydqvist, Kristian, 1994. "Initial public offerings: International insights," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 2(2-3), pages 165-199, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  5. Randolph P. Beatty & Jay R. Ritter, . "Investment Banking, Reputation and the Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings," Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research Working Papers 2-85, Wharton School Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research.
    Other versions:
  6. Chowdhry, Bhagwan & Sherman, Ann, 1996. "The winner's curse and international methods of allocating initial public offerings," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 15-30, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Mello, Antonio S. & Parsons, John E., 1998. "Going public and the ownership structure of the firm," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 79-109, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Sherman, Ann E, 2000. "IPOs and Long-Term Relationships: An Advantage of Book Building," Review of Financial Studies, Oxford University Press for Society for Financial Studies, vol. 13(3), pages 697-714.
  9. Stoughton, Neal M. & Zechner, Josef, 1998. "IPO-mechanisms, monitoring and ownership structure1," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 45-77, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Titman, Sheridan & Trueman, Brett, 1986. "Information quality and the valuation of new issues," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(2), pages 159-172, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Rock, Kevin, 1986. "Why new issues are underpriced," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1-2), pages 187-212. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Stoughton, Neal M & Wong, Kit Pong & Zechner, Josef, 2001. "IPOs and Product Quality," Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 74(3), pages 375-408, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. Laurie Krigman & Wayne H. Shaw & Kent L. Womack, 1999. "The Persistence of IPO Mispricing and the Predictive Power of Flipping," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 54(3), pages 1015-1044, 06. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  14. Jenkinson, Tim & Ljungqvist, Alexander P & Wilhelm Jr, William J, 2000. "Has the Introduction of Bookbuilding Increased the Efficiency of International IPOs?," CEPR Discussion Papers 2484, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  15. Chowdhry, Bhagwan & Sherman, Ann, 1996. "International differences in oversubscription and underpricing of IPOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 2(4), pages 359-381, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  16. Benveniste, Lawrence M. & Spindt, Paul A., 1989. "How investment bankers determine the offer price and allocation of new issues," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 343-361. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  17. Hanley, Kathleen Weiss & Wilhelm Jr., William J., 1995. "Evidence on the strategic allocation of initial public offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 239-257, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
Full references

Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Ping Zhang, 2005. "Uniform Price Auction and Fixed Price Offerings in IPO: An Experimental Comparison," Discussion Papers 2005-20, The Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics, School of Economics, University of Nottingham. [Downloadable!]
  2. Ravi Jagannathan & Ann E. Sherman, 2006. "Why Do IPO Auctions Fail?," NBER Working Papers 12151, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Ljungqvist, Alexander P & Wilhelm Jr, William J, 2001. "The Seven Percent Solution? An International Perspective On Underwriting Spreads," CEPR Discussion Papers 2736, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  4. Marco Rummer & Andreas Oehler & Peter N. Smith, 2004. "IPO Pricing and the Relative Importance of Investor Sentiment: Evidence from Germany," Money Macro and Finance (MMF) Research Group Conference 2004 62, Money Macro and Finance Research Group. [Downloadable!]
  5. Bourjade, Sylvain, 2002. "Diversification of Investor's Expertise in IPOs
    [Information diversification prior to an IPO]    ," MPRA Paper 7259, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Dec 2007. [Downloadable!]
  6. Ping Zhang, 2008. "Uniform Price Auctions and Fixed Price Offerings in IPOs: An Experimental Comparison," Discussion Papers 2008-05, The Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics, School of Economics, University of Nottingham. [Downloadable!]
  7. William J. Wilhelm & Alan Morrison & Tim Jenkinson, 2003. "Why are European IPOs so rarely priced outside the indicative price range?," OFRC Working Papers Series 2003fe05, Oxford Financial Research Centre. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  8. Vicente Pons-Sanz, 2005. "Who benefits from IPO underpricing? Evidence form hybrid bookbuilding offerings," Working Paper Series 428, European Central Bank. [Downloadable!]
  9. Alexander Ljungqvist & Tim Jenkinson & William Wilhelm, 2001. "Global Integration in Primary Equity Markets: The Role of U.S. Banks and U.S. Investors," OFRC Working Papers Series 2001fe06, Oxford Financial Research Centre. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  10. Benveniste, Lawrence M & Ljungqvist, Alexander P & Wilhelm Jr, William J & Yu, Xiaoyun, 2001. "Evidence of Information Spillovers in the Production of Investment Banking Services," CEPR Discussion Papers 2988, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  11. William Wilhelm & Alexander Ljungqvist, 2001. "IPO Allocations: Discriminatory or Discretionary?," OFRC Working Papers Series 2001fe08, Oxford Financial Research Centre. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  12. Tim Jenkinson, 2008. "Public or private equity? How accelerated IPOs can increase competition in offerings," OFRC Working Papers Series 2008fe19, Oxford Financial Research Centre. [Downloadable!]
  13. Re-Jin Guo, 2005. "Information Collection and IPO Underpricing," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 5-19, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  14. Jürgen Bierbaum & Veronika Grimm, 2006. "Selling shares to retail investors: auction vs. fixed price," Review of Economic Design, Springer, vol. 10(2), pages 85-112, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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