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Effort, Wages and the International Division of Labor

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Author Info
Edward E. Leamer

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Abstract

This paper embeds variable effort into a traditional multi-sector model. Effort enters a production function like total-factor-productivity and on the assumption that effort doesn't affect capital depreciation, the capital-cost savings from high effort operations are passed on to workers. The labor market thus offers a set of contracts with higher wages compensating for higher effort. Among the implications of the model are: The capital savings from effort are greatest in the capital-intensive sectors where the high-effort high-wage contracts occur; Communities inhabited by industrious workers have high returns to capital and comparative advantage in capital-intensive goods; Capital accumulation in a closed economy causes reductions in effort; Capital accumulation in an open economy creates new high-wage high-effort jobs and higher effort levels; Price declines of labor intensive goods twist the wage-eff offer curve reward for hard work; A deterioration in the terms of trade causes an economy- wide reduction in effort; A minimum wage does not cause unemployment. It forces effort in local services up high enough to support the higher wage. This acts like an increase in labor supply which increases the return on capital. A minimum wage by forcing greater effort increases GDP and reduces earnings inequality, but it makes workers worse off since they prefer the the contracts offered by the free market.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 5803.

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Date of creation: Oct 1996
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Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:5803

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
F11 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Neoclassical Models of Trade
J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:

  1. Leamer, Edward E, 1987. "Paths of Development in the Three-Factor, n-Good General Equilibrium Model," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 95(5), pages 961-99, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Deardorff, Alan V & Stafford, Frank P, 1976. "Compensation of Cooperating Factors," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 44(4), pages 671-84, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Calvo, Guillermo A, 1975. "Efficient and Optimal Utilization of Capital Services," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 65(1), pages 181-86, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Dickens, William T, et al, 1989. "Employee Crime and the Monitoring Puzzle," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 7(3), pages 331-47, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Copeland, Brian R., 1989. "Efficiency wages in a Ricardian model of international trade," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(3-4), pages 221-244, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  6. Bischoff, Charles W & Kokkelenberg, Edward C, 1987. "Capacity Utilization and Depreciation-in-Use," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 19(8), pages 995-1007, August.
  7. Lucas, Robert E, Jr, 1990. "Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 80(2), pages 92-96, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Schaik, A.B.T.M. & Groot, H.L.F. de, 1997. "Productivity and unemployment in a two-country model with endogenous growth," Discussion Paper 53, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
  2. Gustavo Crespi & Chiara Criscuolo & Jonathan Haskel, 2007. "Information Technology, Organisational Change and Productivity Growth: Evidence from UK Firms," CEP Discussion Papers dp0783, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  3. Edward E. Leamer & Michael Storper, 2001. "The Economic Geography of the Internet Age," NBER Working Papers 8450, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  4. Drusilla K. Brown & Alan V. Deardorff & Robert M Stern, 2002. "The Effects of Multinational Production on Wages and Working Conditions in Developing Countries," Working Papers 483, Research Seminar in International Economics, University of Michigan. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  5. Yongsung Chang & Mark Bils, 2002. "Cyclical Movements in Hours and Effort under Sticky Wages," Macroeconomics 0204004, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  6. Yongsung Chang & Mark Bils, 2002. "Welfare Costs of Sticky Wages When Effort Can Respond," Macroeconomics 0204003, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  7. Sebastián Claro, 2002. "Manufacturing Employment Cycle," Documentos de Trabajo 212, Instituto de Economía. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.. [Downloadable!]
  8. Crespi, Gustavo & Criscuolo, Chiara & Haskel, Jonathan, 2007. "Information Technology, Organisational Change and Productivity," CEPR Discussion Papers 6105, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Stuart S. Rosenthal & William C. Strange, 2003. "Agglomeration, Labor Supply, and the Urban Rat Race," Center for Policy Research Working Papers 57, Center for Policy Research, Maxwell School, Syracuse University. [Downloadable!]
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