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Why Are There Rich and Poor Countries?: Symmetry-Breaking in the World Economy

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Kiminori Matsuyama

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Abstract

To explain cross-country differences in economic performance, the economics of coordination failures typically portrays each country in a closed economy model with multiple equilibria and then argues that the poor countries are in an equilibrium inferior to those achieved by the rich. This approach cannot tell us anything about the degree of inequality in the world economy. A more satisfactory approach would be to build a world economy model and show why it has to be separated into the rich and the poor regions, i.e., to demonstrate the co-existence of the rich and poor as an inevitable aspect of the world trading system. In the present model, the symmetry-breaking of the world economy into the rich and the poor occurs because international trade causes agglomeration of different economic activities in different regions of the world. International trade thus creates a kind of pecking order among nations, and as in a game of musical chairs, some countries must be excluded from being rich.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 5697.

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Date of creation: Aug 1996
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Publication status: published as Journal of Japanese and International Economies, December 1996.
Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:5697

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F12 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies

References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:

  1. Irving B. Kravis & Robert E. Lipsey, 1982. "Towards an Explanation of National Price Levels," NBER Working Papers 1034, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Akihiko Matsui & Kiminori Matsuyama, 1990. "An Approach to Equilibrium Selection," Discussion Papers 970, Northwestern University, Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science. [Downloadable!]
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  3. Ciccone, Antonio & Matsuyama, Kiminori, 1996. "Start-up costs and pecuniary externalities as barriers to economic development," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 33-59, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  4. Matsuyama, Kiminori, 1992. "The market size, entrepreneurship, and the big push," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 347-364, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  5. Matsuyama Kiminori, 1991. "Increasing Returns, Industrialization, and Indeterminacy of Equilibrium," NBER Reprints 1626, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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  6. Murphy, Kevin M & Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W, 1989. "Industrialization and the Big Push," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 97(5), pages 1003-26, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  7. Panagariya, Arvind, 1988. "A Theoretical Explanation of Some Stylized Facts of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 103(3), pages 509-26, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Bhagwati, Jagdish N, 1984. "Why Are Services Cheaper in the Poor Countries?," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 94(374), pages 279-86, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Lucas, Robert E, Jr, 1990. "Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 80(2), pages 92-96, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Kiminori Matsuyama, 1995. "Complementarities and Cumulative Processes in Models of Monopolistic Competition," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 33(2), pages 701-729, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  11. Rodriguez-Clare, Andres, 1996. "The division of labor and economic development," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 3-32, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Testsugen Haruyama & Ken-ichi Hashimoto, 2007. "Technological Leaders and Followers in a World Economy," DEGIT Conference Papers c012_010, DEGIT, Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade. [Downloadable!]
  2. Ehsan U. Choudhri & Dalia S. Hakura, 2000. "International Trade and Productivity Growth: Exploring the Sectoral Effects for Developing Countries," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan Journals, vol. 47(1), pages 2. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Yannis M. Ioannides & George Petrakos, 2000. "Regional Disparities in Greece and the Performance of Crete, Peloponnese and Thessaly," Discussion Papers Series, Department of Economics, Tufts University 0008, Department of Economics, Tufts University. [Downloadable!]
  4. Mori Mori, Tomoya & Turrini, Alessandro Antonio, 2000. "Skills, Agglomeration and Segmentation," CEPR Discussion Papers 2645, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  5. Joseph F. Francois & Douglas Nelson, 1998. "A Geometry of Specialization," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 98-006/2, Tinbergen Institute. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  6. Kiminori Matsuyama, 1999. "Geography of the World Economy," Discussion Papers 1239, Northwestern University, Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science. [Downloadable!]
  7. Kiminori Matsuyama, 2001. "Financial Market Globalization and Endogenous Inequality of Nations," Discussion Papers 1334, Northwestern University, Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  8. Matthew J. Slaughter, 1998. "International Trade and Per Capita Income Convergence: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis," NBER Working Papers 6557, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Kiminori Matsuyama, 2002. "Explaining Diversity: Symmetry-Breaking in Complementarity Games," Discussion Papers 1336, Northwestern University, Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  10. Paolo Mauro, 2004. "The Persistence of Corruption and Slow Economic Growth," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan Journals, vol. 51(1), pages 1. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  11. Mark J. Holmes, 2005. "New evidence on long-run output convergence among Latin American countries," Journal of Applied Economics, Universidad del CEMA, vol. 0, pages 299-219, November. [Downloadable!]
  12. Kiminori Matsuyama, 2002. "Financial Market Globalization, Symmetry-Breaking, and Endogenous Inequality of Nations," CIRJE F-Series CIRJE-F-186, CIRJE, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  13. Yannis M. Ioannides, 1999. "Neighborhood Interactions in Local Communities and Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital," Discussion Papers Series, Department of Economics, Tufts University 9911, Department of Economics, Tufts University. [Downloadable!]
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