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Panel Forecasts of Country-Level Covid-19 Infections

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  • Laura Liu
  • Hyungsik Roger Moon
  • Frank Schorfheide

Abstract

We use dynamic panel data models to generate density forecasts for daily Covid-19 infections for a panel of countries/regions. At the core of our model is a specification that assumes that the growth rate of active infections can be represented by autoregressive fluctuations around a downward sloping deterministic trend function with a break. Our fully Bayesian approach allows us to flexibly estimate the cross-sectional distribution of heterogeneous coefficients and then implicitly use this distribution as prior to construct Bayes forecasts for the individual time series. According to our model, there is a lot of uncertainty about the evolution of infection rates, due to parameter uncertainty and the realization of future shocks. We find that over a one-week horizon the empirical coverage frequency of our interval forecasts is close to the nominal credible level. Weekly forecasts from our model are published at https://laurayuliu.com/covid19-panel-forecast/.

Suggested Citation

  • Laura Liu & Hyungsik Roger Moon & Frank Schorfheide, 2020. "Panel Forecasts of Country-Level Covid-19 Infections," NBER Working Papers 27248, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27248
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    1. Dirk Krueger & Harald Uhlig & Taojun Xie, 2022. "Macroeconomic dynamics and reallocation in an epidemic: evaluating the ‘Swedish solution’," Economic Policy, CEPR;CES;MSH, vol. 37(110), pages 341-398.
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    6. Laura Liu & Hyungsik Roger Moon & Frank Schorfheide, 2023. "Forecasting with a panel Tobit model," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 14(1), pages 117-159, January.
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    8. Fernández-Villaverde, Jesús & Jones, Charles I., 2022. "Estimating and simulating a SIRD Model of COVID-19 for many countries, states, and cities," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    9. Laura Liu, 2018. "Density Forecasts in Panel Data Models : A Semiparametric Bayesian Perspective," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2018-036, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    10. Glover, Andrew & Heathcote, Jonathan & Krueger, Dirk & Ríos-Rull, José-Víctor, 2023. "Health versus wealth: On the distributional effects of controlling a pandemic," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 34-59.
    11. Christopher Avery & William Bossert & Adam Clark & Glenn Ellison & Sara Fisher Ellison, 2020. "Policy Implications of Models of the Spread of Coronavirus: Perspectives and Opportunities for Economists," NBER Working Papers 27007, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    12. Dirk Krueger & Harald Uhlig & Taojun Xie, 2022. "Macroeconomic dynamics and reallocation in an epidemic: evaluating the ‘Swedish solution’," Economic Policy, CEPR;CES;MSH, vol. 37(110), pages 341-398.
    13. Christopher Avery & William Bossert & Adam Thomas Clark & Glenn Ellison & Sara Ellison, 2020. "Policy Implications of Models of the Spread of Coronavirus: Perspectives and Opportunities for Economists," CESifo Working Paper Series 8293, CESifo.
    14. Li, Shaoran & Linton, Oliver, 2021. "When will the Covid-19 pandemic peak?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 220(1), pages 130-157.
    15. Chib, Siddhartha, 1998. "Estimation and comparison of multiple change-point models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 86(2), pages 221-241, June.
    16. Laura Liu & Hyungsik Roger Moon & Frank Schorfheide, 2020. "Forecasting With Dynamic Panel Data Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 88(1), pages 171-201, January.
    17. Jiaying Gu & Roger Koenker, 2017. "Empirical Bayesball Remixed: Empirical Bayes Methods for Longitudinal Data," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(3), pages 575-599, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Fernández-Villaverde, Jesús & Jones, Charles I., 2022. "Estimating and simulating a SIRD Model of COVID-19 for many countries, states, and cities," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    2. Cem Cakmakli & Yasin Simsek, 2023. "Bridging the Covid-19 Data and the Epidemiological Model using Time-Varying Parameter SIRD Model," Papers 2301.13692, arXiv.org.
    3. Li, Shaoran & Linton, Oliver, 2021. "When will the Covid-19 pandemic peak?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 220(1), pages 130-157.
    4. Yothin Jinjarak & Rashad Ahmed & Sameer Nair-Desai & Weining Xin & Joshua Aizenman, 2020. "Accounting for Global COVID-19 Diffusion Patterns, January–April 2020," Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, Springer, vol. 4(3), pages 515-559, October.
    5. Hwang, Eunju, 2022. "Prediction intervals of the COVID-19 cases by HAR models with growth rates and vaccination rates in top eight affected countries: Bootstrap improvement," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    6. Chaohua Dong & Jiti Gao & Oliver Linton & Bin peng, 2020. "On Time Trend of COVID-19: A Panel Data Study," Monash Econometrics and Business Statistics Working Papers 22/20, Monash University, Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics.
    7. Leonardo Martins & Marcelo C. Medeiros, 2021. "The Impacts of Mobility on Covid-19 Dynamics: Using Soft and Hard Data," Papers 2110.00597, arXiv.org.
    8. Lee, Sokbae & Liao, Yuan & Seo, Myung Hwan & Shin, Youngki, 2021. "Sparse HP filter: Finding kinks in the COVID-19 contact rate," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 220(1), pages 158-180.
    9. Paul Ho, 2021. "Forecasting in the Absence of Precedent," Working Paper 21-10, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
    10. Julliard, Christian & Shi, Ran & Yuan, Kathy, 2023. "The spread of COVID-19 in London: Network effects and optimal lockdowns," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 2125-2154.
    11. Hartl, Tobias, 2021. "Monitoring the pandemic: A fractional filter for the COVID-19 contact rate," VfS Annual Conference 2021 (Virtual Conference): Climate Economics 242380, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    12. Zubarev, Andrei & Kirillova, Maria, 2022. "Modeling COVID-19 spread in the Russian Federation using global VAR approach," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 65, pages 117-138.
    13. Julliard, Christian & Shi, Ran & Yuan, Kathy, 2023. "The spread of COVID-19 in London: Network effects and optimal lockdowns," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 2125-2154.
    14. Ho, Paul & Lubik, Thomas A. & Matthes, Christian, 2023. "How to go viral: A COVID-19 model with endogenously time-varying parameters," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 232(1), pages 70-86.
    15. Christian Alemán & Christopher Busch & Alexander Ludwig & Raül Santaeulàlia-Llopis, 2022. "A Stage-Based Identification of Policy Effects," Working Papers 1369, Barcelona School of Economics.
    16. Guenette,Justin Damien & Yamazaki,Takefumi, 2021. "Projecting the Economic Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9589, The World Bank.
    17. Sen, Anindya & Baker, John David & Zhang, Qihuang & Agarwal, Rishav Raj & Lam, Jean-Paul, 2023. "Do more stringent policies reduce daily COVID-19 case counts? Evidence from Canadian provinces," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 225-242.
    18. Tobias Hartl, 2021. "Monitoring the pandemic: A fractional filter for the COVID-19 contact rate," Papers 2102.10067, arXiv.org.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • C11 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Bayesian Analysis: General
    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • C53 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Forecasting and Prediction Models; Simulation Methods

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