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Ciclo Econômico, Emprego e Desigualdade

Author

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  • Marco A. F. H. Cavalcanti
  • Ajax R. B. Moreira

Abstract

Este trabalho analisa, para o caso brasileiro, os condicionantes transitórios dos níveis de emprego e distribuição de renda do país, utilizando os microdados da Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego (PME) produzida pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) para avaliar os efeitos de choques macroeconômicos sobre o emprego e a desigualdade de renda de diferentes segmentos sociais, com foco na possível heterogeneidade destes efeitos. Consideram-se oito segmentos sociais, diferenciados segundo três atributos: gênero, experiência e educação. Para relacionar os indicadores sociais de emprego/ desigualdade às variáveis macroeconômicas, adotam-se dois tipos de abordagem econométrica: modelos autorregressivos vetoriais padrão – Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) – e modelos autorregressivos vetorais de fatores – Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregressive (Favar) –, nos quais os choques macroeconômicos são identificados utilizando restrições de sinal inspiradas em modelos dinâmicos estocásticos de equilíbrio geral – Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE). A comparação entre os resultados das metodologias VAR e Favar permite avaliar em que medida a consideração da possível heterogeneidade dos efeitos pode alterar resultados qualitativos da relação entre os choques macroeconômicos e os indicadores sociais. Os principais resultados do trabalho são que o efeito dos choques identificados: i) é estatisticamente significativo apenas para os modelos Favar, indicando a importância da segmentação para relacionar os choques com as condições sociais; ii) tem efeitos pequenos mas estatisticamente significativos para os indicadores relativos aos trabalhadores; iii) tem efeito heterogêneo por segmento permitindo identificar os segmentos mais vulneráveis segundo as medidas de emprego, a renda ou a desigualdade; e iv) o choque de oferta é o único que tem efeito sobre a desigualdade de todos os segmentos. This paper analyzes the Brazilian case, the transient conditions of employment levels and income distribution in the country, using micro data from the Monthly Employment Survey (PME) produced by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) to assess the effects of macroeconomic shocks on employment and income inequality in different social segments , focusing on the possible effects of heterogeneity. Consider themselves eight social segments, differentiated according to three attributes: gender, experience and education. To relate the social indicators of employment/inequality to macroeconomic variables, adopt two types of econometric approach: vector autoregressive standard models (VAR) models and autoregressive vetorais factors (Favar), in which macroeconomic shocks are identified using sign restrictions inspiredby dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE). The comparison between the results of VAR methodologies and Favar allows assess to what extent the consideration of the possible effects of heterogeneity can change qualitative results of the relationship between macroeconomic shocks and social indicators. The main results of this work are that the effect of the identified shocks : i) is statistically significant only for the Favar models, indicating the importance of segmentation to relate the shock to the social conditions; ii) have small but statistically significant effects on indicators relating to workers; iii) have heterogeneous effects by segment allowing identification of the most vulnerable segments according to the measures of employment, income or inequality; and iv) the supply shock is the only has effect on inequality of all segments.

Suggested Citation

  • Marco A. F. H. Cavalcanti & Ajax R. B. Moreira, 2014. "Ciclo Econômico, Emprego e Desigualdade," Discussion Papers 1981, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1981
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