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Estimations of Generic Drug Entry in Brazil Using Count Versus Ordered Models

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  • Eduardo P.S. Fiuza
  • Barbara Caballero

Abstract

Duas grandes mudanças na legislação brasileira durante os anos 1990 remodelaram a indústria farmacêutica local: a ratificação do acordo TRIPS em 1996, incluindo uma provisão para a concessão de patentes a inventos em pipeline; e a Lei dos Genéricos, de 1999, que introduziu o teste de bioequivalência e facilitou a substituição de medicamentos pioneiros por genéricos na dispensação. Foram gradualmente retomados controles de preços na virada do século. O presente artigo estima a entrada de versões genéricas de medicamentos fora de patente nas várias classes terapêuticas, usando tanto modelos de dados de contagem como multinomiais ordenados. Os resultados indicam que um modelo simples de Poisson tem um pior ajuste, embora as variáveis explicativas exibam o mesmo padrão de significância e sinais. A maioria das variáveis explicativas utilizadas é significativa, em particular proxies para o tamanho do mercado potencial (valores defasados dos faturamentos dos medicamentos), concentração de mercado e idade do medicamento de referência. Múltiplas marcas (e não simplesmente genéricos próprios) e estratégias de evergreening parecem ser efetivas em deter entradas. Two major changes in Brazilian legislation during the 1990s reshaped the local pharmaceutical industry: the ratification of the TRIPS agreement including a provision for pipeline inventions in 1996, and a Generic Drug Act in 1999, which introduced bioequivalence tests and facilitated generic drugs? substitution for the pioneer drugs at dispensing. Genuine generic drug entry may be dated back to 2000, when the first applications were approved. Price controls were gradually resumed in the turn of the century. The present article estimates entry of generic versions of off-patent drugs into various therapeutic classes using both count data and ordered multinomial models. Results point out that a simple Poisson model fits the data poorly, calling for further modelling of overdispersion or of excess zeros by applying Negative Binomial and

Suggested Citation

  • Eduardo P.S. Fiuza & Barbara Caballero, 2010. "Estimations of Generic Drug Entry in Brazil Using Count Versus Ordered Models," Discussion Papers 1511, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1511
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