Taking into account hidden innovation in innovation networks: the role of public-private innovation networks in services

Public-private innovation networks in services (PPINS) are a new expression of traditional innovation networks (INs) in contemporary service economies. There are a number of ways in which this new expression differs from the other. It differs from it, first of all, by its emphasis on market services and on public and non-market services in the dynamics of innovation. But PPINS differ from INs most of all in the nature of the innovation that is taken into account (which is the subject of the network implementation). This innovation is no longer limited to economic and technological innovation, but also includes non-technological and social innovation-which most often remain invisible to our traditional analytical tools. The purpose of this paper is to examine how PPINS contribute to the implementation of invisible innovations, and thus to the introduction of invisible/hidden innovation within the innovation network tradition. It addresses the following three points: i) the nature of the invisible innovation implemented within PPINS, ii) the invisible innovation organization modes within PPINS, iii) the public policy consequences of the focus on invisible innovation (and corresponding PPINS).