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Ceilings and Floors?: Gender Wage Gaps by Education in Spain

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Author Info
Sara de la Rica () (Universidad del País Vasco & IZA)
Juan J. Dolado () (Universidad Carlos III & CEPR & IZA)
Vanessa LLorens () (LECG Consulting Spain S.L.)

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Abstract

This paper analyses the gender wage gaps by education throughout the wage distribution in Spain using individual data from the ECHP (1999). Quantile regressions are used to estimate the wage returns to the different characteristics at the more relevant percentiles and a suitable version of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition is then implemented to estimate the component of the gender gap not explained by different characteristics. Our main findings are twofold. First, in contrast with the steep pattern found for other countries, the flatter evolution of the gap found in Spain hides a composition effect when the sample is split by education. On the one hand, for the group with college/tertiary education, we find a higher unexplained gap at the top than at the bottom of the distribution, in accordance with the conventional glass ceiling hypothesis. On the other, for the group with lower education, the gap is much higher at the bottom than at the top of the distribution. We label this novel pattern as glass floors and argue that it is due to statistical discrimination exerted by employers in view of the low participation rate of women in this group. Such a hypothesis is confirmed when using the panel structure of the ECHP.

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Paper provided by University of the Basque Country - Department of Foundations of Economic Analysis II in its series DFAEII Working Papers with number 200501.

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Date of creation: 01 Jan 2005
Date of revision: 16 Nov 2006
Publication status: Forthcoming in Journal of Population Economics
Handle: RePEc:ehu:dfaeii:200501

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Postal: Dpto. de Fundamentos del Análisis Económico II, Facultad de CC. Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad del País Vasco, Avda. Lehendakari Aguirre 83, 48015 Bilbao, Spain
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Related research
Keywords: Gender gap; glass ceilings; glass floors and quantile regressions;

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
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  11. Juan J. Dolado & Vanesa Llorens, 2004. "Gender Wage Gaps By Education In Spain: Glass Floors Vs. Glass Ceilings," Working Papers wp2004_03, CEMFI. [Downloadable!]
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Full references

Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Tindara ADDABBO & Donata Favaro, 2007. "Education and wage differentials by gender in Italy," CHILD Working Papers wp04_07, CHILD - Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic economics - ITALY. [Downloadable!]
  2. Dolado, Juan José & Stucchi, Rodolfo, 2008. "Do Temporary Contracts Affect TFP? Evidence from Spanish Manufacturing Firms," IZA Discussion Papers 3832, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  3. Florentino Felgueroso & Juan Prieto Rodríguez & María José Pérez-Villadóniga, 2007. "Collective Bargaining and the GenderWage Gap: A Quantile Regression Approach," Working Papers 2007-06, FEDEA. [Downloadable!]
  4. José Ignacio García Pérez & María Dolores Morales López, 2006. "Discriminación salarial en el mercado de trabajo español con especial referencia al caso de Andalucía," Economic Working Papers at Centro de Estudios Andaluces E2006/18, Centro de Estudios Andaluces. [Downloadable!]
  5. Olivetti, Claudia & Petrongolo, Barbara, 2006. "Unequal Pay or Unequal Employment? A Cross-Country Analysis of Gender Gaps," CEPR Discussion Papers 5506, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  6. Ina Ganguli & Katherine Terrell, 2005. "Wage Ceilings and Floors: The Gender Gap in Ukraine’s Transition," IZA Discussion Papers 1776, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  7. Molina, José Alberto & Montuenga, Víctor M., 2008. "The Motherhood Wage Penalty in a Mediterranean Country: The Case of Spain," IZA Discussion Papers 3574, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  8. Juan Canal-Domínguez & César Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, 2008. "Analysis of wage differences between native and immigrant workers in Spain," Spanish Economic Review, Springer, vol. 10(2), pages 109-134, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Spyros Konstantopoulos & Amelie Constant, 2005. "The Gender Gap Reloaded: Is School Quality Linked to Labor Market Performance?," IZA Discussion Papers 1830, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  10. Jellal , Mohamed & Nordman, Christophe, 2009. "A Theory of Gender Wage Gap," MPRA Paper 17409, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  11. Mario Izquierdo & Aitor Lacuesta, 2007. "Wage inequality in Spain - recent developments," Working Paper Series 781, European Central Bank. [Downloadable!]
  12. Fernando Munoz-Bullon, 2008. "The gap between male and female pay in the Spanish tourism industry," Business Economics Working Papers wb085713, Universidad Carlos III, Departamento de Economía de la Empresa. [Downloadable!]
  13. Pham, T. Hung & Reilly, Barry, 2007. "Ethnic Wage Inequality in Vietnam: Empirical Evidence from 2002," MPRA Paper 6477, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
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