Herman R.J. Vollebergh () (Faculty of Economics, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam) Bertrand Melenberg () (Dept. of Economics, Tilburg University, and CentER) Elbert Dijkgraaf () (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Tinbergen Institute, and SEOR-ECRi)
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The literature that tests for U-shaped relationships using panel data, such as those between pollution and income or inequality and growth, reports widely divergent (parametric and non-parametric) empirical findings. We explain why lack of identification lies at the root of these differences. To deal with this lack of identification, we propose an identification strategy that explicitly distinguishes between what can be identified on the basis of the data and what is a consequence of subjective choices due to a lack of identification. We apply our methodology to the pollution-income relationship of both CO2- and SO2-emissions. Interestingly, our approach yields estimates of both income (scale) and time (composition and/or technology) effects for these reduced-form relationships that are insensitive to the required subjective choices and consistent with theoretical predictions.
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Find related papers by JEL classification: C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data O50 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - General Q40 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - General
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