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Caracterización del PIB español a partir de modelos univariantes no lineales

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  • Martínez, J. Manuel
  • Espasa, Antoni

Abstract

En este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento dinámico del PIB español, a partir de modelos de forma final (univariante) capaces de explicar los aspectos no lineales presentes en la tendencia y componente cíclico de dicho agregado. Los modelos empleados son del tipo: (a) autorregresivos por umbrales, (b) con una raíz unitaria y (c) segmentaciones en el nivel medio. Las propiedades (b) y (c) permiten discriminar entre las innovaciones usuales que se producen en cada momento y que sólo tienen efectos transitorios en la tasa de crecimiento y otras, más bien esporádicas, que causan la no-linealidad tendencial (segmentación) y tienen implicaciones de largo plazo en dicha tasa. Además, los modelos con tales características son congruentes tanto con las teorías de crecimiento económico endógeno como exógeno, aunque siendo modelos de forma final no pueden discriminar entre ellas. Para captar la no-linealidad cíclica se discuten las principales direcciones de investigación sobre modelos con regímenes cambiantes y los principales resultados obtenidos en la aplicación al PIB de EEUU. Se concluye que los resultados obtenidos -Hamilton (1989), Tiao y Tsay (1994) y Pesaran y Potter (1997)- son bastante similares y se opta por desarrollar para el caso español la orientación de modelos TAR seguida por Tiao y Tsay (1994) con dos cambios de interés. Los resultados que destacan sobre el ciclo del PIB español son: (1) el crecimiento medio pero también la dinámica y la varianza condicional son dependientes de la fase cíclica; (2) la entrada y salida de una recesión no se deben a la dinámica del sistema, con lo que con definiciones bastante aceptables de los umbrales tales entradas y salidas sólo se producen por innovaciones; (3) no obstante, existen definiciones de los umbrales que no pueden rechazarse y que derivan en la existencia de un ciclo límite en la economía española; (4) el efecto en el PIB por pasar de un régimen de desaceleración a uno de recesión es menor que en el caso de EEUU; (5) en el ejercicio de predicción realizado los modelos no lineales predicen mejor que los lineales. Como sugerencias para futuras investigaciones se señala: (1) ligar los cambios de régimen con indicadores adelantados y (2) investigar la conjetura expuesta en el trabajo de que el saldo comercial internacional es un factor determinante en las salidas de las crisis económicas.

Suggested Citation

  • Martínez, J. Manuel & Espasa, Antoni, 1998. "Caracterización del PIB español a partir de modelos univariantes no lineales," DES - Documentos de Trabajo. Estadística y Econometría. DS 3660, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Estadística.
  • Handle: RePEc:cte:dsrepe:3660
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