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Sexual Orientation, Demography and Labor Relations

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Author Info
Nick Drydakis () (Department of Economics - University of Crete, Greece)
Abstract

We use data from the 2008-09 Athens Area Study (AAS) to provide the first evidence on the relationship between sexual orientation and earnings in Greece. The AAS asks male adults a direct question about their sexual orientation: about 4.52% self-identify as homosexuals and 0.86% as bisexuals. Sexual orientation minorities are found to receive significantly lower monthly wages than heterosexual workers of the same age, education, health status and occupational characteristics. Moreover, there is statistically significant evidence that homosexual and bisexual men have higher unemployment rates than similarly situated heterosexuals. Of further importance is the finding that sexual orientation minorities who are also older, less educated, blue collar workers, and/or immigrants are statistically more vulnerable to wage discrimination and unemployment than comparable heterosexuals. Moreover, in the current research, in order to better understand the determinants of the wage gaps, we compare homosexual/bisexual men with both married and unmarried heterosexual men. By making these comparisons, we are able to disentangle the penalty associated with being unmarried from other human capital explanations of the wage gap. Given the legal actions in Greece that have the potential to affect sexual orientation minorities, it is important to understand the relationships between sexual orientation, demography and labor market.

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Paper provided by University of Crete, Department of Economics in its series Working Papers with number 0906.

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Handle: RePEc:crt:wpaper:0906

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Related research
Keywords: Sexual Orientation; Wage Differentials; Labour Discrimination;

Find related papers by JEL classification:
C93 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Field Experiments
J7 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination
J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
J - Labor and Demographic Economics

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  1. John M. Blandford, 2003. "The nexus of sexual orientation and gender in the determination of earnings," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, ILR Review, ILR School, Cornell University, vol. 56(4), pages 622-642, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Nathan Berg & Donald Lien, 2002. "Measuring The Effect Of Sexual Orientation On Income: Evidence Of Discrimination?," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 20(4), pages 394-414, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Halvorsen, Robert & Palmquist, Raymond, 1980. "The Interpretation of Dummy Variables in Semilogarithmic Equations," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 70(3), pages 474-75, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Christopher S. Carpenter, 2005. "Self-reported sexual orientation and earnings: Evidence from California," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, ILR Review, ILR School, Cornell University, vol. 58(2), pages 258-273, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Erik Plug & Peter Berkhout, 2004. "Effects of sexual preferences on earnings in the Netherlands," Journal of Population Economics, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 117-131, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  6. Doris Weichselbaumer, 2003. "Sexual orientation discrimination in hiring," Natural Field Experiments 0002, The Field Experiments Website. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  7. Nick Drydakis, 2007. "Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Labour Market," Working Papers 0832, University of Crete, Department of Economics, revised 00 2008. [Downloadable!]
  8. Dhaval Dave & R. Inas Rashad & Jasmina Spasojevic, 2008. "The Effects of Retirement on Physical and Mental Health Outcomes," Southern Economic Journal, Southern Economic Association, vol. 75(2), pages 497-523, October.
    Other versions:
  9. M. V. Lee Badgett, 1995. "The wage effects of sexual orientation discrimination," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, ILR Review, ILR School, Cornell University, vol. 48(4), pages 726-739, July.
  10. Swinton, David H, 1977. "A Labor Force Competition Theory of Discrimination in the Labor Market," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 67(1), pages 400-404, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Farrell Bloch & Mark S. Kuskin, 1978. "Wage determination in the union and nonunion sectors," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, ILR Review, ILR School, Cornell University, vol. 31(2), pages 183-192, January.
  12. Clain, Suzanne Heller & Leppel, Karen, 2001. "An Investigation into Sexual Orientation Discrimination as an Explanation for Wage Differences," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 33(1), pages 37-47, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. G. Reza Arabsheibani & Alan Marin & Jonathan Wadsworth, 2005. "Gay Pay in the UK," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 72(286), pages 333-347, 05. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  14. Dan A. Black & Hoda R. Makar & Seth G. Sanders & Lowell J. Taylor, 2003. "The earnings effects of sexual orientation," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, ILR Review, ILR School, Cornell University, vol. 56(3), pages 449-469, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  15. Edinaldo Tebaldi & Bruce Elmslie, 2006. "Sexual orientation and labour supply," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 38(5), pages 549-562, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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