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The Cost of Capital of the Financial Sector

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  • Adrian, Tobias
  • Muir, Tyler

Abstract

Standard factor pricing models do not capture the common time series or cross sectional variation in average returns of financial stocks well. We propose a five factor asset pricing model that complements the standard Fama-French (1993) three factor model with a financial sector ROE factor (FROE) and the spread between the financial sector and the market return (SPREAD). This five factor model helps to alleviate the pricing anomalies for financial sector stocks and also performs well for nonfinancial sector stocks when compared to the Fama-French (2014) five factor or the Hou, Xue, Zhang (2014) four factor models. We find the aggregate expected return to financial sector equities to correlate negatively with aggregate financial sector ROE, which is puzzling, as ROE is commonly used as a measure of the cost of capital in the financial sector.

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  • Adrian, Tobias & Muir, Tyler, 2015. "The Cost of Capital of the Financial Sector," CEPR Discussion Papers 11031, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:11031
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    Cited by:

    1. Luis Fernández Lafuerza & Javier Mencía, 2021. "Estimating the cost of equity for financial institutions," Revista de Estabilidad Financiera, Banco de España, issue MAY.
    2. Tobias Adrian & Nina Boyarchenko & Hyun Song Shin, 2015. "On the scale of financial intermediaries," Staff Reports 743, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    3. Anna Kovner & Peter Van Tassel, 2022. "Evaluating Regulatory Reform: Banks' Cost of Capital and Lending," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 54(5), pages 1313-1367, August.
    4. Venmans, Frank, 2021. "The leverage anomaly in U.S. bank stock returns," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    5. Ben Ammar, Semir & Eling, Martin & Milidonis, Andreas, 2018. "The cross-section of expected stock returns in the property/liability insurance industry," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 292-321.
    6. Gabriella Chiesa & José Manuel Mansilla-Fernández, 2021. "The dynamic effects of non-performing loans on banks’ cost of capital and lending supply in the Eurozone," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 48(2), pages 397-427, May.
    7. Carmichael, Benoît & Coën, Alain, 2020. "Real estate as a common risk factor in the financial sector: International evidence," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).
    8. Akhtaruzzaman, Md & Chiah, Mardy & Docherty, Paul & Zhong, Angel, 2021. "Betting against bank profitability," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 304-323.
    9. Lian, Ziying & Cai, Jun & Webb, Robert I., 2020. "Oil stocks, risk factors, and tail behavior," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    10. Carmichael, Benoît & Coën, Alain, 2018. "Real estate as a common risk factor in bank stock returns," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 118-130.
    11. Berger, Allen N. & El Ghoul, Sadok & Guedhami, Omrane & Roman, Raluca A., 2022. "Geographic deregulation and banks’ cost of equity capital," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    12. Fabrizio Spargoli & Christian Upper, 2018. "Are banks opaque? Evidence from insider trading," BIS Working Papers 697, Bank for International Settlements.
    13. Gabriella CHIESA & José Manuel MANSILLA-FERNÁNDEZ, 2018. "Non-Performing Loans, Cost of Capital, and Lending Supply: Lessons from the Eurozone Banking Crisis," Departmental Working Papers 2018-05, Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods at Università degli Studi di Milano.
    14. Clark, Brian & Jones, Jonathan & Malmquist, David, 2023. "Leverage and the cost of capital for U.S. banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    15. Luis Fernández Lafuerza & Javier Mencía, 2021. "Estimating the cost of equity for financial institutions," Financial Stability Review, Banco de España, issue Spring.
    16. Huang, Qiubin & de Haan, Jakob & Scholtens, Bert, 2020. "Does bank capitalization matter for bank stock returns?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    17. Luis Fernández Lafuerza & Javier Mencía, 2021. "Estimating the cost of equity for financial institutions," Financial Stability Review, Banco de España, issue MAY.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Asset pricing; Cost of capital; Financial intermediation;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage
    • G31 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies

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