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Globalización. El proceso real y financiero

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  • Beethoven Herrera Valencia

Abstract

Durante el último decenio del Siglo XX, el proceso de internacionalización económica tomó una dinámica acelerada y todo parece indicar que esta tendencia se mantendrá durante la primera fase del nuevo milenio. Existe un gran consenso acerca de la irreversibilidad de este proceso, fundado en los cambios tecnológicos que permiten comunicaciones inmediatas en tiempo real y, adicionalmente, en las facilidades crecientes para el comercio y para los flujos de capital. Al mismo tiempo, se empieza a cuestionar la pertinencia de las políticas económicas adoptadas por los países en desarrollo, orientadas a mejorar su participación en la economía global. Las asimetrías entre el proteccionismo del centro y las exigencias de apertura a los países periféricos son objeto de fuertes críticas, y son cada vez más numerosos los que se preguntan si las políticas monetaria, fiscal, de intercambio y de apertura al flujo de capitales externo son realmente apropiadas para asegurar un crecimiento sostenible y una distribución igualitaria de los beneficios del desarrollo. Si bien existen numerosos análisis críticos a la manera como se efectuó la inserción de los países en la economía global, hasta ahora nadie ha propuesto de manera convincente el retorno a las economías fuertemente proteccionistas y con una intensa intervención del Estado. Nos parece entonces de gran interés evaluar los logros y las fallas de la modalidad de inserción adoptada por las economías en desarrollo -y por Latinoamérica como región- y así, discernir las vías de integración y de acceso al mercado mundial que se deban privilegiar y las correcciones que conviene introducir para optimizar el desempeno de estas economías en el escenario mundial. El presente trabajo se propone analizar el proceso de evolución del comercio, de las inversiones y de los flujos de capital, así como las razones que determinan la localización de las empresas, la especialización por producto y por proceso productivo dentro de la nueva etapa de globalización económica. Desde esta perspectiva, se confrontan los objetivos derivados de las teorías de comercio y las tendencias observadas en la evidencia empírica.

Suggested Citation

  • Beethoven Herrera Valencia, 2005. "Globalización. El proceso real y financiero," Publicaciones, CID 2770, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, FCE, CID.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000121:002770
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