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Consideraciones Sobre El Comportamiento De La Tasa De Cambio Al Interior De Las Bandas

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  • Alberto Carrasquilla
  • Arturo Galindo A.

Abstract

Desde enero de 1994 la política cambiaria colombiana se basa en un sistema formal de bandas para la tasa de cambio, mediante el cual el Banco Central se compromete a intervenir en el mercado cuando la tasa de cambio llega a unos determinados niveles mínimo y máximo, definidos anteriormente y conocidos por los agentes. Este sistema es muy común a lo largo del tiempo y el espacio(1). En la discusión mas reciente, el esquema se realiza usualmente en una línea de investigación que surge con el trabajo de Krugman (1991). En este modelo se establece que en el anterior de las bandas- la tasa de cambio debe tener un comportamiento y una distribución probabilística particular. Ahora bien, la evidencia empírica internacional no permite concluir de manera clara que el comportamiento de la tasa de cambio sea el que se deriva del modelo analítico(2) El comportamiento previsto por el modelo para la tasa de cambio en el interior de las bandas resulta -obviamente- de los supuestos inherentes al mismo. Las limitaciones que ha tenido el modelo en capturar aspectos sobresalientes del comportamiento observado de la tasa de cambio, por ende, ha constituido una directriz esencial en el programa investigativo reciente (1991-1995). En la literatura se han analizado con especial cuidado los siguientes factores específicos; (i) Plena credibilidad del público en el sistema (ii) No intervención de las autoridades en su interior (iii) Completa flexibilidad de precios. Relajar los supuestos (i) y (iii) implica un comportamiento distinto al señalado en el modelo básico. En concreto, el hecho de que los agentes no crean que la banda se pueda sostener implicará ataques a la política cambiaria y una ubicación excesiva (frente a la planteada por el modelo) de la tasa de cambio observada en las franjas extremas de las bandas. De otra parte, la intervención de las autoridades puede sesgar la tasa de cambio a ubicarse en la parte media de la banda, o cerca de aquella en la cual efectúa la intervención. Por último, la presencia de rigideces en los procesos de formación de precios pueden implicar que la tasa de cambio nominal exhiba "overshooting" dentro de la banda y que consecuentemente, la tasa observada exhiba demasiada persistencia en los alrededores de los extremos de la banda. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el comportamiento de la tasa de cambio colombiana dentro de las bandas a la luz de los postulados del modelo teórico de Krugman. La pregunta central es esta: dado el comportamiento previsto por el modelo de Krugman, el comportamiento observado por la tasa de cambio en Colombia es consistente o inconsistente con sus previsiones? Si no es consistente, puede ser que esta asimetría (modelo-realidad) se explique por la intervención del Banco central en el mercado cambiario? El análisis lo haremos a partir de las predicciones que hace el modelo sobre lo que debería ser la distribución probabilistica de la tasa de cambio dentro de la banda en relación con la verdadera distribución que ha tenido la tasa de cambio en la práctica.

Suggested Citation

  • Alberto Carrasquilla & Arturo Galindo A., 1995. "Consideraciones Sobre El Comportamiento De La Tasa De Cambio Al Interior De Las Bandas," Borradores de Economia 2190, Banco de la Republica.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000094:002190
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. E.O. Svensson, Lars, 1994. "Why exchange rate bands? : Monetary independence in spite of fixed exchange rates," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 157-199, February.
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    5. Paul R. Krugman, 1991. "Target Zones and Exchange Rate Dynamics," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 106(3), pages 669-682.
    6. Zhaohui Chen & Alberto Giovannini, 1992. "Estimating Expected Exchange Rates Under Target Zones," NBER Working Papers 3955, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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    Cited by:

    1. Roberto Steiner, 1996. "La reciente afluencia de capital extranjero a Colombia," Coyuntura Económica, Fedesarrollo, June.

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