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Public Preferences Towards Environmental Risks: The Case of Trihalomethanes

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Author Info
Richard Carson (University of California, San Diego)
Robert Mitchell (Clark University)

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Abstract

We present the results of an in-depth study in a small Southern Illinois town looking at the public's preferences with respect to reducing trihalomethanes (THMs) in their public drinking water system. THMs are an interesting environmental risk to study. First they are a low-level risk created as a byproduct (via chlorination) of reducing the much larger risk of bacterial contamination. Second, THMs are a weak carcinogen (with a scientific debate over how weak) with a long latency period. Third, small towns pose an interesting policy trade-off question with respect to THMs due to the sharply rising per capita cost of carbon filtration as population decreases. Further, filtration at the home or tap level is a viable alternative to public filtration. These issues are considered in the context of designing a survey to elicit maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for a reduction in THMs. The key survey design question involves how to communicate low-level risks of different magnitudes to respondents. Respondents were randomly assigned to different risk levels and statistical tests reject the hypothesis that WTP estimates are insensitive to the risk levels assigned. Our value of a statistical life estimates are quite low relative to most estimates in the literature. Our estimates should be low, however, if respondents discount due to the long latency period. After allowing for discounting using commonly used rates, our value of a statistical life estimates are well within the range commonly found in the literature for WTP to avoid current period fatal accidents.

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Paper provided by Department of Economics, UC San Diego in its series University of California at San Diego, Economics Working Paper Series with number 2000-21.

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Date of creation: 01 Aug 2000
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Handle: RePEc:cdl:ucsdec:2000-21

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Keywords: contingent valuation; statistical life;

References listed on IDEAS
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  1. Werner, Megan, 1999. "Allowing for Zeros in Dichotomous-Choice Contingent-Valuation Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 17(4), pages 479-86, October.
  2. Weinstein, Milton C & Shepard, Donald S & Pliskin, Joseph S, 1980. "The Economic Value of Changing Mortality Probabilities: A Decision-Theoretic Approach," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 94(2), pages 373-96, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Smith, V Kerry & Desvousges, William H, 1987. "An Empirical Analysis of the Economic Value of Risk Changes," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 95(1), pages 89-114, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Moore, Don A., 1999. "Order Effects in Preference Judgments: Evidence for Context Dependence in the Generation of Preferences, ," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 78(2), pages 146-165, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Richard Carson & Theodore Groves, 2007. "Incentive and informational properties of preference questions," Environmental & Resource Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 37(1), pages 181-210, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Cropper, Maureen L & Portney, Paul R, 1990. " Discounting and the Evaluation of Lifesaving Programs," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 3(4), pages 369-79, December.
  7. Hoehn, John P. & Randall, Alan, 1987. "A satisfactory benefit cost indicator from contingent valuation," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 226-247, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Fetherstonhaugh, David, et al, 1997. "Insensitivity to the Value of Human Life: A Study of Psychophysical Numbing," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 14(3), pages 283-300, May-June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Horowitz, John K & Carson, Richard T, 1990. " Discounting Statistical Lives," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 3(4), pages 403-13, December.
  10. Hammitt, James K & Graham, John D, 1999. "Willingness to Pay for Health Protection: Inadequate Sensitivity to Probability?," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 18(1), pages 33-62, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Kahneman, Daniel & Knetsch, Jack L., 1992. "Valuing public goods: The purchase of moral satisfaction," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 57-70, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Richard T. Carson, 1995. "Contingent Valuation Surveys and Tests of Insensitivity to Scope," University of California at San Diego, Economics Working Paper Series 95-05, Department of Economics, UC San Diego.
  13. Mark J. Machina, 1995. "Non-Expected Utility and The Robustness of the Classical Insurance Paradigm," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan Journals, vol. 20(1), pages 9-50, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  1. Anke Leroux & John Creedy, 2005. "Optimal Land Conversion And Growth With Uncertain Biodiversity Costs," Department of Economics - Working Papers Series 957, The University of Melbourne. [Downloadable!]
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  2. Anke D. Wurzbacher, 2004. "Dynamic Ecological Constraints to Economic Growth," Department of Economics - Working Papers Series 909, The University of Melbourne. [Downloadable!]
  3. Jorge Eduardo Martínez Pérez & José María Abellán Perpiñán & José Luis Pinto Prades, 2007. "El Valor Monetario de la Vida Estadística en España a través de las Preferencias Declaradas," Hacienda Pública Española, IEF, vol. 183(4), pages 125-144, december. [Downloadable!]
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  4. Cocchi, Horacio & Bravo-Ureta, Boris & Quiroga, Ricardo, 2004. "Farm Benefits And Natural Resource Projects In Honduras And El Salvador," 2004 Annual meeting, August 1-4, Denver, CO 20328, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association). [Downloadable!]
  5. Mary Riddel & W. Shaw, 2006. "A theoretically-consistent empirical model of non-expected utility: An application to nuclear-waste transport," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 32(2), pages 131-150, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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