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Further Evidence on Auditor Selection Bias and The Big 4 Premium

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Author Info
Clatworthy, Mark A () (Cardiff Business School)
Makepeace, Gerald H () (Cardiff Business School)
Peel, Michael J. () (Cardiff Business School)

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Abstract

In recent years, the competitiveness of the corporate audit market has received a great deal of attention from policy makers and academic researchers alike. Among the main issues of concern is whether large auditors command a premium when setting fees for statutory audit services, and whether this is symptomatic of a lack of competition in the market for audit services or results from differences in the quality of the product offered by the big 4. A large number of academic studies based on independent data sets find a positive OLS coefficient on a large auditor binary variable in audit fee regressions and interpret this as evidence of a premium. However, recent research on UK private companies suggests that the large auditor premium is explained by auditor self-selection bias and that when this is controlled for using a two-stage Heckman procedure, the premium vanishes. In this paper we examine some of the difficulties in properly specifying the audit fee equation and discuss potential sensitivity of the estimates provided by the two-step model. We re-estimate audit fee equations for over 36,000 UK private companies employing a relatively new development in the applied econometrics literature - propensity score matching. In addition, we employ formal decomposition methods, which have not been used in the audit literature to date, to provide a more comprehensive analysis of big 4 premiums. Our results suggest that evidence of the large auditor premium vanishing when selection bias is controlled for do not seem to generalise and that the Heckman two-step procedure is highly sensitive to model specification. Matching results suggest that auditees of similar size, risk and complexity pay significantly higher fees to big 4 auditors.

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Publisher Info
Paper provided by Cardiff University, Cardiff Business School, Accounting and Finance Section in its series Cardiff Accounting and Finance Working Papers with number A2007/6.

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Length: 52 pages
Date of creation: Oct 2007
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:cdf:accfin:2007/6

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Related research
Keywords: Audit fees; large auditor premium; propensity score matching; decomposition methods; selection bias;

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References listed on IDEAS
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  1. Feltham, Gerald A. & Hughes, John S. & Simunic, Dan A., 1991. "Empirical assessment of the impact of auditor quality on the valuation of new issues," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(4), pages 375-399, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Michael Firth, 1997. "The Provision of Non-audit Services and the Pricing of Audit Fees," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 24(3), pages 511-525. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Mark A. Clatworthy & Michael J. Peel, 2007. "The Effect of Corporate Status on External Audit Fees: Evidence From the UK," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 34(1-2), pages 169-201. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Little, Roderick J A, 1985. "A Note about Models for Selectivity Bias," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 53(6), pages 1469-74, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Greene, William H, 1981. "Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error: Comment," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 49(3), pages 795-98, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Siu Fai Leung & Shihti Yu, 2000. "Collinearity and Two-Step Estimation of Sample Selection Models: Problems, Origins, and Remedies," Computational Economics, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 173-199, June. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  7. Stock, James H & Wright, Jonathan H & Yogo, Motohiro, 2002. "A Survey of Weak Instruments and Weak Identification in Generalized Method of Moments," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(4), pages 518-29, October.
  8. Pittman, Jeffrey A. & Fortin, Steve, 2004. "Auditor choice and the cost of debt capital for newly public firms," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 113-136, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Black, Dan A. & Smith, J.A.Jeffrey A., 2004. "How robust is the evidence on the effects of college quality? Evidence from matching," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 121(1-2), pages 99-124. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  10. Lars Skipper & Marianne Simonsen, 2006. "The costs of motherhood: an analysis using matching estimators," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 21(7), pages 919-934. [Downloadable!]
  11. Puhani, Patrick A, 2000. " The Heckman Correction for Sample Selection and Its Critique," Journal of Economic Surveys, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 14(1), pages 53-68, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Seetharaman, Ananth & Gul, Ferdinand A. & Lynn, Stephen G., 2002. "Litigation risk and audit fees: evidence from UK firms cross-listed on US markets," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 91-115, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. Hartman, Raymond S, 1991. "A Monte Carlo Analysis of Alternative Estimators in Models Involving Selectivity," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 9(1), pages 41-49, January.
  14. Miguel A. Malo & Fernando Munoz-Bullon, 2005. "Job Matching Quality Effects Of Employment Promotion Measures For People With Disabilities," Business Economics Working Papers wb055315, Universidad Carlos III, Departamento de Economía de la Empresa. [Downloadable!]
  15. Datar, Srikant M. & Feltham, Gerald A. & Hughes, John S., 1991. "The role of audits and audit quality in valuing new issues," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 3-49, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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