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Volunteer Output and the National Accounts: An Empirical Analysis

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Yvon H. Pho (Bureau of Economic Analysis)
Abstract

Volunteer activities attempt to promote a sense of community unity and ownership. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the US Department of Labor, approximately 59 million people participated in volunteer activities in the year beginning September 2001. Although utility is derived from participation, no monetary compensation is received. Therefore, the value of volunteer output is generally not recognized in the national economic accounts, as defined by the 1993 System of National Accounts. This research paper has three primary objectives. The first is to estimate a monetary value for volunteer activities. The second is to identify demographic characteristics of individuals most likely to volunteer. The third and final objective is to explore those industries with the greatest number of volunteer labor hours. Data for this study come from the September 2002 Current Population Survey Volunteer Supplement and are analyzed using a cross-section Probit analysis coupled with supplementary econometric estimation techniques. Contingent upon the valuation technique, this analysis assesses volunteer labor output to range between $79 to $130 billion. Further, the data suggest that over one-third of total volunteer hours is provided by those not in the labor force and those in the labor force, but unemployed. Examination by industry reveals that the educational services industry within the services sector provides the greatest number of volunteer hours. The data also show that professional specialty workers contribute the most time relative to other occupational groups. This research contributes to the existing literature in several ways. First, it conceptualizes the issue of volunteerism, and offers an approach to value output generated by volunteer labor based on detailed wage data. Second, it enables the determination of approximately how much volunteer labor output is not covered because of the definitional constraints of GDP as a measure of largely market activities. Finally, identifying characteristics of those individuals who volunteer enables the formulation of targeted initiatives that would promote greater participation.

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Paper provided by Bureau of Economic Analysis in its series BEA Working Papers with number 0014.

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Date of creation: Jan 2004
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Handle: RePEc:bea:wpaper:0014

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E60 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - General

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  1. Duncan Ironmonger, 1996. "Counting outputs, capital inputs and caring labor: Estimating gross household product," Feminist Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 2(3), pages 37-64, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Menchik, Paul L. & Weisbrod, Burton A., 1987. "Volunteer labor supply," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 159-183, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Dickens, William T & Lang, Kevin, 1985. "A Test of Dual Labor Market Theory," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 75(4), pages 792-805, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  4. Jorgenson, D.W. & Fraumeni, B.M., 1991. "The Output Of The Education Sector," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1543, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
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  5. Landefeld, J Steven & McCulla, Stephanie H, 2000. "Accounting for Nonmarket Household Production within a National Accounts Framework," Review of Income and Wealth, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 46(3), pages 289-307, September.
  6. Kathleen Day & Rose Annue Devlin, 1998. "The Payoff to Work without Pay: Volunteer Work as an Investment in Human Capital," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 31(5), pages 1179-1191, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  7. Freeman, Richard B, 1997. "Working for Nothing: The Supply of Volunteer Labor," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 15(1), pages S140-66, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  8. Bruno S. Frey & Lorenz Goette, . "Does Pay Motivate Volunteers?," IEW - Working Papers iewwp007, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - IEW. [Downloadable!]
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