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The Dynamics of Money

Author

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  • Per Bak
  • Simon F. Norrelykke
  • Martin Shubik

Abstract

We present a dynamical many-body theory of money in which the value of money is a time dependent ``strategic variable'' that is chosen by the individual agents. The value of money in equilibrium is not fixed by the equations, and thus represents a continuous symmetry. The dynamics breaks this continuous symmetry by fixating the value of money at a level which depends on initial conditions. The fluctuations around the equilibrium, for instance in the presence of noise, are governed by the ``Goldstone modes'' associated with the broken symmetry. The idea is illustrated by a simple network model of monopolistic vendors and buyers.

Suggested Citation

  • Per Bak & Simon F. Norrelykke & Martin Shubik, 1998. "The Dynamics of Money," Papers cond-mat/9811094, arXiv.org, revised May 1999.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:cond-mat/9811094
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    Cited by:

    1. Martin Shubik, 2001. "Money and the Monetization of Credit," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1343, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
    2. Johann Lussange & Ivan Lazarevich & Sacha Bourgeois-Gironde & Stefano Palminteri & Boris Gutkin, 2021. "Modelling Stock Markets by Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 57(1), pages 113-147, January.
    3. McCauley, Joseph l., 2004. "Thermodynamic analogies in economics and finance: instability of markets," MPRA Paper 2159, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Martin Shubik, 2007. "The Theory of Money and Financial Institutions: A Summary of a Game Theoretic Approach," The IUP Journal of Monetary Economics, IUP Publications, vol. 0(2), pages 6-26, May.
    5. Newby, Michael & Behr, Adam & Feizabadi, Mitra Shojania, 2011. "Investigating the distribution of personal income obtained from the recent U.S. data," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 1170-1173, May.
    6. E. Samanidou & E. Zschischang & D. Stauffer & T. Lux, 2001. "Microscopic Models of Financial Markets," Papers cond-mat/0110354, arXiv.org.
    7. Yadav, Avinash Chand & Manchanda, Kaustubh & Ramaswamy, Ramakrishna, 2017. "Emergent organization in a model market," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 482(C), pages 118-126.
    8. McCauley, Joseph L., 2000. "The futility of utility: how market dynamics marginalize Adam Smith," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 285(3), pages 506-538.
    9. Nagel, Kai & Shubik, Martin & Strauss, Martin, 2004. "The importance of timescales: simple models for economic markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 340(4), pages 668-677.
    10. Nagel, Kai & Shubik, Martin & Paczuski, Maya & Bak, Per, 2000. "Spatial competition and price formation," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 287(3), pages 546-562.
    11. McCauley, Joseph L., 2004. "Making dynamic modelling effective in economics," MPRA Paper 2130, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. E. Samanidou & E. Zschischang & D. Stauffer & T. Lux, 2007. "Agent-based Models of Financial Markets," Papers physics/0701140, arXiv.org.
    13. Juergen Huber & Martin Shubik & Shyam Sunder, 2009. "Default Penalty as a Disciplinary and Selection Mechanism in Presence of Multiple Equilibria," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1730, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
    14. Chen-Zhong Qin & Lloyd S. Shapley & Martin Shubik, 2009. "Marshallian Money, Welfare, and Side-Payments," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1729, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.

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